Business Intergration Essay Example for Free

cable Intergration EssayNew IT developments are important to all task disciplines because they trigger changes in marketing operations, e-commerce, logistics, human resources, finance, accounting, and relationships with customers and business partners. Nothing about business or corporate strategy is untouched by IT (Turban Volonino, 2011).The five elements of an IT-enabled business strategyBusiness strategy * Contains the mission, vision, and objectives of the organisation * States the companys market strategy * Describes the unique value proposition the company offers customers * Provides the distinct value configuration of the organization Business expectations of IT * Describes how the company office expect IT to contribute to the success of the * business * Possible business expectations of IT include delivering better value, reducing costs, * or improving products and services IT strategy * Provides information on IT applications * Describes how to develop the competencies of the people who work in IT * States how IT is to be organized and controlled within the company* Describes the technical infrastructure IT assessment * Aims to reveal how engine room helps or hinders a business * Can include network and systems performance reviews, software audits, and * concept testing and development * Can include strategic evaluations, technical reviews, and risk prudence * Should recommend how to use technology to meet business goals IT plans * Outlines a companys long-term IT plans * Is concerned with how IT should be deployed, managed, and implemented in the * future * Should be cost efficacious and in line with business goalsWhat are the advantages of aligning business and IT strategies? There are many advantages when an organization IT strategies are aligned with the organizations business strategies. Information technology is a key business function in almost every successful organization. An effective IT strategy will enable businesses to* Reduce cost* regularize processes* Enhance productivity* Improve risk control mechanism* Implement new business strategies* Facilitate organic and acquisition driven growth* give competitive advantage by exploiting new technology Other benefits of the alignment of IT and business strategy is automation, knowledge, organisational improvements, and innovation. Automation can result in change magnitude efficiency while decreasing cost. Knowledge in IT is the dexterity of an organization to collect, caudex, process, and disseminate information. The benefit of knowledge gained from IT is cost reduction, greater efficiency, and increased revenues. IT also leads to organizational improvements which usually lead to more decentralized leadership structure which improves the overall effectiveness of the organization. Proper alignment of IT and business strategy can make an organization stand out and look different from its competitors. This alignment can provide a competitive advantage for an organization.How does IT deliver business benefits that are related to the business strategy? IT delivers business benefit by performing high-speed, high volume, and numerical computation. IT provides fast, accurate communication and collaboration unrestricted by time and location. IT gives organizations the ability to store huge amounts of information that is accessible via private networks and the internet. In addition it enables automation of routine decisions making and help facilitate complex decision making. IT also improves the ability to make informed decisions. IT also helps to facilitate collaboration, enhance customer relationships, develop new analytic capabilities, and provide feedback on performance.ReferenceTurban, E., Volonino, L. (2011). Information Technology for trouble (8th ed.). Hoboken, NJ John Wiley Sons, Inc..

Social Networking Site Essay Example for Free

Social Networking Site EssaySocial networking sites are popular amongst student recent years. Some of the popular mixer networking websites are Facebook, chirrup Google+. Almost all the students would definitely have a profile in those sites. These facebook handle sites will be taken up by students as for athletics but some may start using it as fun and forces addicted to it. This article shows you the advantages and disadvantages of social networking sites for students. AdvantagesHere is a list of advantages of using the social networking websites 1. The main advantage of social networking site is that it helps in establishing connection with people, friends and relatives. It helps in sharing bingles view, share pictures and lots of other stuffs. 2. It helps students in interacting with one another and share ideas. This helps in improving students creativity. 3. The social networking websites muckle be accessed from any part of the globe. This helps the students to estab lish communication with their teachers and friends through which they can improve their knowledge. 4. Social networking sites are not only substance abused by the students for sharing pictures, videos or it is not only meant for fun and entertainment. Through social networking sites like Facebook, LinkedIn one can become a member and can also post relevant information about campus drive. 5. Through these sites the students can establish butt against with entrepreneurs, corporate people and can gain valuable information from them. 6. Social networking sites have taken a new dimension called marketing. Certain websites offer advertisements to its subscribers. Disadvantages all coin has two sides. Whenever there comes the point of advantages, disadvantages also comes into picture obviously. So some of the disadvantages are 1. One of the major disadvantages of using social networking websites are the students get addicted to it. They used to drip hours in those social networking site s which can obviously degrade the students academic performance. 2. Some students may tend to use to these social networking sites till mid night or even more which can obviously lead to health related problems. 3. Some students may spend time in Facebook through which they lack to spend time with their family members. This can also be a disadvantage also. 4. Some students may provide comminuted

What Is Catholic Marriage Religion Essay

What Is Catholic Marriage Religion EssayIn this chapter I will first attempt a definition of conglutination and more specific on the wholey Catholic man and wife I will consequently review existing literature on the topic and present different views to the highest degree(predicate) live unitedlyation, reasons why people get married, expectations about espousals among Maltese individuals, the changes in marital traditions and also the Cana Movement.From the startle of the second century to the mid(prenominal)dle of the 20th atomic number 6 the catholic tradition institution, viewed and model guide wedding as a procreative institution-a stable, genial and religious institution in which a man and a woman became economize and wife to procreate minorren. Their procreative activity, which defined matrimony, included non unless to the creation of a child but also to the development of m some otherhood and fatherhood and the fabrication of a functioning adult. Since the pargo nnts life expectancy was not long beyond the early adulthood of their children, marriage was therefore easily defined as lifelong. In truth this procreative institution is the result of a contract in which, according to the 1917 Code of Canon Law, each party gives and accepts a stark(a) and exclusive right over the body for acts which ar of themselves suitable for the generation of children (Canon 1081, 2) (Lawler. M ,2001)The Second Vati rear Councils Pastoral Constitution on the perform in the new-made World describes marriage as a comm merger of love (No. 47), an intimate partnership of life and love (No.48). Love amid the spouses was decl bed by the council to be the very essence of marriage. The council underscored its preference for an interpersonal union model by making another important change in the received tradition. Marriage is founded in a conjugal covenant of irrevocable personal consent (No. 48). The healthy word contract gives way to the biblical word covenan t, a word unadulterated with overt 1s of mutual steadiest and personal love, qualities that be now applied to marriage. (Lawler. M ,2001)Adrian Thatcher in his book Marriage after Modernity Christian Marriage in invest modern times describes marriage as a universal institution which theologic tout ensembley speaking is given with creation itself, scarce from the beginning of the creation divinity fudge made them male and female. 7For this cause shall a man leave his father and induce, and cleave to his wife 8And they twain shall be ace flesh so then they are no more twain, but one flesh (Mark 10 6 8).He explains that marriage is an eminently world love, a love that brings unneurotic the human and the divine. Therefore married couples are capable of being simultaneously recipients and mediators of that relational love of God which led to the creation of the world and restored through Christ.The Catechism of the Catholic Church explains marriage as a sacrament of Matrimony i n which a man and a woman establish amid themselves a partnership of the livelong of life, it is by its nature regimented for the good of the spouses and the education and procreation of offspring this covenant between baptized persons has been raised by Christ the Lord to the sacrament of a sacrament.It is very interesting to note how romantic marriage has only been common in the west for quite a short period of time. In fact according to sociologist Anthony Giddens (1997), modern ideas of romantic marriage had not been common or accepted even as late as the 1500s. On the other hand religious institutions saw marriage as pragmatic solution to unhealthy knowledgeable emotions and not something to be done for affection, romance or satisfaction.Attitudes towards marriageWithout any doubt peoples own family life experiences is major work on on their multidimensional development, and hence different people have different views, expectations and reasons for marriage.Ones home is the jump point, for one to learn about marriage, this is because parents endlessly teach their children what partnership involves and what its like by following in the footsteps of their parents marital relationship .In fact Toben and Joanne Heim (2000) think that where you move into from and your family history lies beneath just about every issue youll face in your entire marriage not just in the first grade (p.17). The quality of the ones parents marital relationship and also the quality of attachment to ones parents and siblings is influenced by the adjustment in marital relationships .Azzopardi (2007).The effect of parental conflict and decouple on childrens attitudes toward marriage has been examined by a number of researchers. Some studies have shown that children of divorced parents do worse than those in intact families in several aspects of their development (Dowling Gorell Barnes, 1999 2000) are fearful and anxious about their own future marriage (Schwartberg, 1981 Sor osky, 1977) and have a negative view of marriage (Kelly, 1981 Long, 1987). Also Children from broken homes, predominantly daughters, are less interested in marriage (Booth, Brinkerhoff, White,1984) and have low expectations and evaluations of marriage (Long, 1987).On the other hand some research has indicated that it is not parental breakup and divorce per se that influence expectations of marriage but it is family integration (Coleman Ganong, 1984).In the study by Kalter (1987), Grych and Fincham (1990), and Markland and Nelson (1993), which involved college students, found that conflict and inter-parental hostility is a constitute feature influencing young adults expectations of marriage. It was therefore concluded that children who are exposed to much(prenominal) conflicts seem to form pessimistic impressions of marriage. In contradiction Muench and Landrums (1994) research suggest that family dynamics play an important role in expectations of marriage formation. Therefore, e ven though some peoples expectations of happiness and success in marriage may have been taint by prior experience (divorced parents), they still strongly desire having a positive marital and family relationship (Jones Nelson, 1996, p.173). Similarly, Coleman and Ganong (1984), and Jones and Nelson (1996) did not find significantly different attitudes towards marriage between low and high conflict background individuals. These different results suggest for the requirement for further research on the subject.The media have also been attributed with the power to influence peoples expectationsof marriage. However, there is yet to be evidence for this claim. (Segrin Nabi, 2002, p.247). Vexen Crabtree explains that marriage consists of umpteen parts. The first is the legal contract, which according to him is the bare bones of what a marriage is . Nevertheless at the end of the day it is our cultural expectations that give marriage more meaning than merely a contractual agreement. He f urther explains that our upbringing including our culture and stamp ideas portrayed in the mass media together with society create unconscious i weed roles that we are under pressure into filling. In fact Rev. Rebecca Densen (2001) statesMarriage partners are also bombarded with role expectations and stereotypes of what it center to be a husband and wife. In general these roles are detrimental to the relationship. People simply cannot fit into pre-set moulds (). Healthy relationships on the other hand are entered into and maintained by individuals free and loving ongoing choice.Also it is very important to note how according to the Constitution of Malta in the second article is says that (1) The piety of Malta is the Roman Catholic Apostolic Religion. Therefore one can argue how the laws of ones country reflect and reinforce a citizens science of an orderly environment and every citizen is bound to abide by themReligious and Traditional InfluencesWithout a doubt religion plays a major role in how a marital relationship is conducted. Although the importance to religion is declining and the Maltese no longer base their life on a singular moral view, religion still plays a major role in the establishment of ideals (Tabone,1994). The 1999 European Values Survey (Abela, 2000) reveals that in spite of the reported secularization (Tabone, 1987) 80% of the Maltese give religion third precedence, following the family (first) and work (second).Women generally value religion over work, whereas men give second importance to work, women give priority to religion (Abela, 2000. p.45).Tabone (1994) argues that in spite of traditionalism and institutionalism the church service still has a great impact on the individual In fact, al close to all Maltese individuals are baptized, and attend catechism, they receive their first holy Communion, receive confirmation, and generally marry in the Church. Tabone continues that regardless of their faith (p.295). About 75% of all ma rriages are sacramentalised in church (Archdiocese of Malta, 2003 L-Orizzont, 2004). Consequently Maltas culture, tradition, and social life relation to religious activity may point out how the Maltese may find it tricky to separate from the religious familiarity in ones life.Nevertheless, it is quite evident that set could be changing especially amongst the Maltese youth .in one recent critique conducted by the University Chaplaincy in 2009 on the subject of religious practices among University students, 91% claimed to be Catholics. With regards to confession, 36.7% never receive this sacrament. 68% report to attend mass on a regular basis, while 32.4% rarely or never do. With regards to religious beliefs the highest percentages were for belief in God (93.5%), Jesus the Son of God (81.2%), Mary, the mother of God (78.4%), The Holy spirit (75%) The Trinity (74.8%), God the creator of all that exists (74%).A lower amount of participants responded yes, in relation to their belief i n Afterlife (68.5 + %), The incarnation of Jesus (67.1%), The Virginity of Mary, the mother of God (65.4 +%), Heaven and Hell (65.4%), The Devil (63.9%).When asked about morality, 62.9% state that Abortion is always morally wrong, 43.8% said that divorce is morally wrong, 14.7% see contraception as morally wrong. 24.0% state that pre-marital sexual inter level as prohibited and 73.5% approve of premarital cohabitation. Moreover 9.5% wrote that abortion can be carried out in the plate of a disabled child, while 56.7% said that divorce should be legalised in Malta and 44.3% have practised sexual intercourse in the past year. Another stay of declining religiosity is the 2006 Sunday Mass Attendance Census (Inguanez, 2006) which revealed an 11% fall in church attendance among the Maltese since 1995. So the question of why one still chooses to marry in the church remains.As cited in a qualitative study carried out by Azzopardi (2007) all the couples saw marrying in the church as an auto matic and unquestionable construction. Many influences were seen throughout the interviews including Cultural and extended family influences. They did not reflect on the true under rest of a Catholic marriage and its distinctive requirements. In fact when asked some of the couples stated Im doing it to make him happy or my parents would have thrown me out, Therefore in this study the construction of marrying in the church emerged as one of the tensions between secularism and traditionalism. Most of the participating couples, viewed marrying in the church as a public statement of their commitment as strange to a sacramental union. Also narratives about the visual and lavish aspects of Maltese weddings sustain the idea. In fact in 2002 17.5 million was spent amongst 2240 weddings, bringing the intermediate wedding expenses to 7900 (L-Orizzont, 2003). On the other hand during the interview many couples admitted that if it was up to them, they would have done nothing of the kind.Coha bitationMarriage is an institution which can join together peoples lives in a wide range of behaviours including those economic and emotional. In many Western cultures, marriage usually leads to the formation of a new household join the married couple, with the married couple living together under the same roof, often sharing the same bed, however in some other cultures this is not the tradition, and opt for cohabitation ( Paul, 2006).A cohabiting couple is a co-resident man and woman, living together within a sexual union, without that union having been formalised by a legal marriage , (Gordon, 1995). Cohabitants could be engaged couples, common-law husband and wife, or singles living together in a romantic relationship. As said forrader at present many individuals are opting for cohabitation as opposed to marriage. One can distinguish between 2 types of cohabitation pre-nuptial and non- nuptial cohabitation. Pre nuptial refers to people who protrude to marry and live together first. The latter refers those who live together but do not intend to marry (Thatcher. A, 2001) There are also those who cohabit out of convenience. A growing amount of literature is focused on how and why partners come to cohabit. According to one study, when asked why they began sharing a household, many people reported that they entered it without much thought (Manning Smock, 2005). Another study found that when asked the same question, most reported that they wanted to spend more time together and that it was more convenient than living apart (Rhoades, Stanley, Markman, in press).Some individuals report using cohabitation as a way to test the relationship before marriage, although this type of cohabitation stand for only a small minority in one study (Rhoades et al., in press).Many cohabiting individuals report that they plan to marry their current partner (Brown Booth, 1996).The Church of England report, highborn Something to celebrate states further reasons for cohabitati on, these include reaction to the clear failure of traditional patterns of partner selection, courting, marriage and setting up home, the ability to avoid or detainment conception through reliable contraception, the wish to avoid promiscuity, the wish to avoid the possible consequences of being married, such as the cost of a legal divorce or of a grand wedding. Other reasons include peer pressure saving on rent or waiting to conclude higher education. (Thatcher A, 2001). whence I question why people go into all the trouble of getting married in the church when they could easily cohabit without any problems.In reality it is more problematic to marry in the church as opposed to cohabiting or marrying civilly. According the Maltese Marriage Act Chapter 255 ,Catholic marriage means a marriage celebrated in accordance with the norms and formalities of Canon Law or with a dispensation therefrom granted by the competent organ in accordance with Canon Law In fact the Catholic Church toge ther with the law teaches that for one to marry in the church one of the partners must be a baptized Christian .Both partners do not have to be Catholic in order to be sacramentally married in the Catholic Church, but both must be baptized Christians (and at least one must be a Catholic). Non-Christians cannot receive the sacraments. For a Catholic to marry a non-Catholic Christian, permission is required from his or her bishop. A Catholic can marry an unbaptized person, but such marriages are natural marriages only and not sacramental marriages. The Church, therefore, discourages them and requires a Catholic who wishes to marry an unbaptized person to receive a special dispensation from his or her bishop. Still, if the dispensation is granted, a non-sacramental marriage is valid and can take place inside of a Catholic churchLegal prohibitions on marriage between close blood relatives are prohibited by the church. Before 1983, marriages between second cousins were prohibited. Today, second-cousin marriages are allowed, and, under some circumstances, a dispensation can be obtained to allow a first-cousin marriage. However the Church still discourages such marriages.If one of the partners, Catholic or non-Catholic Christian, has been married before, he or she is free to marry only if his or her spouse has died or he or she has obtained a declaration of nullity from the Church. The sheer fact of a divorce is not sufficient to prove the nullity of a marriage. During marriage readying, you must inform the priest if you have been married before, even in a civil ceremony. They must also be of opposite sex .Marriage, by definition, is a lifelong union between one man and one woman. The Catholic Church does not recognize, even as a civil marriage, a contracted relationship between two men or two women.Finally it is a myth that some Catholics only see the inside of a church when they are carried (at Baptism), married, and buried. But since marriage is a sacrament, and for the sacrament to be properly received the Catholic partners in a marriage must be in good standing with the Church. This not only means normal Church attendance but also avoidance of scandal, for example cohabitation.Furthermore research about married couples has shown that they eff a better standard of living than single individuals (Waite Gallagher, 2000 Hirschi, Altobelli Rank, 2003). They also e have better physical and psychological well-being (Schoenborn, 2004 Williams, 2003). Additionally children are most likely to succeed when brought up in a happily married couple. (Amato Booth, 1997 Mc Lahahan Sandefur, 1994 Ford, Goodman Meltzer 2004)The Change in Marriage Values and TraditionsIn Thatchers (1999) book name Marriage after Modernity Christian Marriage in postmodern times David Lyon refers to the term modernity to the social order that emerged following Enlightenment. This includes the many changes that occurred from the mid sixteenth century onward in all fi elds. As a result of all the changes based on science, economy, democracy or law, modernity is continuously questioning all the conventional ways of doing things. As a result he explains that it unsettles the self if identity is given in traditional society, in modernity it is constructed. Without any doubt marriage is entangled in the changes signified by the transition from modernity to post modernity as it is a historical and social institution.Peter Hodgson states that although modernity has given us many gains such as rationality, freedom, dialogue, human rights, subjectivity etc Its has also resulted in a series of crises including cognitive, historical, political, socioeconomic, religious, economic, sex and grammatical gender. In fact The sexual revolution has exposed the repression deeply ingrained in Western culture and Christianity, but it has also led to a great deal of freedom of sexual practice beginning in adolescence, much of it destructive, and it has rendered proble matic all of the established sexual institutions, including the nuclear family and marriagethere is also a gender crisis the beginning of the ending of patriarchy as a way of organizing male- female relations and distributing social power.To add on undoubtedly marriage is one of the established sexual institutions which have been affected by the crises of modernity. The sexual crisis unmasks the linkage of religious beliefs with sexual repression and calls into question the authority of scripture on issues vital to human sexuality, while the gender crisis is disrupting long established ways of imagining divine power and presence, namely in androcentric and patriarchal terms (Hodgson, Winds of the Spirit p. 62).Consequently Hodgson believes that the above mentioned crises resulting from modernity have led to the absence of God in postmodern consciousness.According to Franoise Zonabend, a French anthropologist, the instability of the marriage institution is due to the increasing numb er polygamous marriages between women, Thedivorces and remarriages, the free unions and the common law marriages which are on the increase in Western societies, also point to the vulnerability of the institution and show above all that the functions that have been ascribed to marriage-the transfer of goods, the sexual division of labour, the solidarity between the relations, rearing of children-cannot be the consequence of any natural imperative. Therefore we can only call for a rethinking of the universality and durability of marriage.In an article by Don S Browning titled Christian Ethics and the Family debate An Overview it is stated that there are many different reasons for these crisiss that are happening in todays Western Society. He explains how many Conservatives, neo-conservatives, and some neo-liberals highlight the importance of cultural values they claim that values have changes and largely for the worse. As an example Neo-liberals for instance David Popenoe and Robert B ellah, and also historians like Edward Shorter and Lawrence Stone, place emphasis on the rise of Enlightenment individualism. Conservatives such as crowd together Dobson claim modern society is more immoral and does not respect marital, family, and parental commitments as before. Moreover demographers such as Ron Lesthaege and Larry Bumpass talk about individualism to explain the escalating family fragmentation.Additionally deteriorating economic conditions and decreased welfare support for the family crises are blamed by many Marxist, liberal, progressive, and many liberal-feminists. Max Weber, Alan Wolfe and Jrgen Habermas hear the spread of technical reason as the causative factor. They explain how technical reason can mean two different things one being commercialise logistics enter the private lives of families and as a consequence replace family loyalties with an ethical-egoist and cost-benefit mentality. The other reason can be stated in bureaucracies which take over famil y functions and as a result make them dependent client populations.The Economy also plays a role in this change. In fact economists Diane Reglis and Victor Fuchs describe how during the mid-eighties and 90s economy has been declining and this shift has influenced families negatively. Accordingly many social changes are caused because of these economic changes like Legal changes the legal recognition of domestic partnerships, divorce and the trend toward the deinstitutionalization of the family which all account to the shift in family values.One can also mention Psychological factors. In fact Frances Goldscheider and Linda Waite, state that the family crisis results from the fact that mens commitment to housework and child care has not been in line with womens opening into the salary economy. Evolutionary psychologists go on to reveal how evolutionary forces have created uneven reproductive strategies between males and females. They point out that males of most mammalian species pro create as widely as possible with a range of females however do not make up concerned in the care of their offspring.The Cana MovementThe Church organizes marriage preparation course with the hope of increasingCatholic values among Maltese families. Courting couples preparing for marriageattend the compulsory marriage preparation course as indicated by the Church. Thecourse aims to help couples in their preparation for the sacrament of marriage to arriveat a better evaluation of their relationship and their commitment to each other, and to aChristian marriage. It consists of eight group sessions addressing eight different topicsfrom a Christian perspective. The courses are organized through one of its voluntaryOrganizations, the Cana Movement, which was set up to promote Catholic family life among the Maltese. For my study I chose people participating in this course as they without doubt intend to marry in the Catholic Church.Marriage education is widely practiced within the Cathol ic communities. In Malta themarriage preparation course is a compulsory step for those choosing to marry in theChurch. One of the courses aims is the teaching of a realistic framework of marriagewith the hope of reducing delusive expectations in various areas of married life.However, the multi-vocal bombardment of ideals from tradition, culture, and media might impede the courses from having the desired effect.On a much larger scale, Stanley et al. (2006) carried out a representative survey acrossfour American states and found participation in premarital courses to be associated with lower levels of conflict, higher satisfaction and commitment in marriage, and reduced the prospect of divorce. It is suggested that participation in premarital education such as the Cana movement generally benefits couple relationships over time.

The real-time transport protocol

The real- conviction enthral communications protocolAbstractThis topic sop ups the Real- succession air Protocol (RTP) with the emphasis on the securities, confidentiality and au thenticity. This scheme takes a media file as input, encrypt it and create a message digest on the encrypted info then transmit it to the habituater. On the a nonher(prenominal) gradient the pass receiver again calculate digest and comp ar it with the received one, if match occurs then decrypt and play it in the real time player. In current stipulation of RFC1889, however the confidentiality is described and authenticity is left for lower layer protocols. This work made experiment slightly(prenominal) on authenticity and confidentiality. For authenticity MD5, SHA-1 and SHA-2 hash algorithms throne be used and for confidentiality AES-128 and Triple DES cryptographic algorithms merchantman be used. In fact, SHA-2 is better than other hash algorithms in terms of security alone SHA-1 is better t han SHA-2 in terms of time efficiency. On the other hand, AES-128 is better than Triple DES in terms of time efficiency and security. So SHA-1and AES-128 is elect for authenticity and confidentiality respectively for the security of RTP. The experiment is performed on J2SDK1.5. Key words Real-time transport protocol Transport operate on protocol Cryptographic algorithm Hash algorithm.1. fundamentIn recent days ready reckoner and Internet has become essential part of human life and good deal demanding more and more access and use in dression everyplace the Internet in Real-time with efficient secure manner. A new protocol Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) and its associated Protocols helping people to use data over the Internet in their real-time applications. In this paper, the analyses of the securities of RTP, an approach to modify RTP for authenticity argon presented. Also the position of RTP in Computer Ne iirk Layers, its usage scenario and the importance of time consid eration to transmit streams utilise RTP ar discussed and shown their analytical results. RTP is intended to be m on the wholeeable to provide the teaching necessitate by a particular application and ordain often be integrated into the application processing rather than world implemented as a separate layer. RTP is a modular protocol. The usage of RTP for a specific purpose beseechs an application argona specific RTP profile. RTP profiles are used for refining the basic RTP protocol to suit for a particular application area. RTP profiles define how and by which formats data is encapsulated to RTP packets. RFC 1889 defines basic fields for the transportation of real time data. It overly defines Real-time Transport Control Protocol (RTCP), whose purpose is to provide feedback on transmission quality, information about participants of RTP session, and enable minimal session control attend tos. RTP is an application level protocol that is intended for delivery of delay sensit ive content, such as speech sound and boob tube, finished antithetic networks. The purpose of RTP is to facilitate delivery, monitoring, reconstruction, mixing and synchronization of data streams. RTP provides lengthways network transport tends suitable for applications transmitting real-time data. RTP is a protocol framework that is deliberately not complete. RTP dose not provide quality of service means that it has no flow control, no error control, no acknowledgement and no utensil to request retransmission. It does not do so because if a lacking packet is retransmitted then it might happen that the retransmitted packet r for each one to the user too late to use which whitethorn hamper real-time use of streams. If approximately packets are lost during transmission (it is very common for Real-time protocols) then the lost packets are generated by interpolation rather than retransmission. However to improve act of RTP another protocol Real-time Transport Control Protocol is used with RTP. It handles feedback on delay, jitter, bandwidth, congestion, and other network properties. RTCP also handles inter stream synchronization. The problem is that different streams whitethorn use different clocks, with different granularities and different drift rates. RTCP can be used to keep them in synchronization. RTCP is also supports the use of RTP level translators and sociables.The paper is organized as sustains. In section 2, RTP use scenarios are discussed. In section 3, position of RTP in estimator network is discussed. In section 4, time consideration in RTP is discussed. In section 5, RTP packet format, its data transfer protocol and Real-time Transport control Protocol (RTCP) is discussed. Section 6 inside information the hash and cryptographic algorithms for RTP security while section 7 shows the result and performance analysis. Lastly, section 8 points out the conclusion inferred from the work.2. RTP use scenarios The following sections describe some aspects of the use of RTP. The subjects are chosen to illustrate the basic operation of applications using RTP. In these examples, RTP is carried on top of IP and UDP and follows the conventions established by the profile for audio and word picture specified in the companion Internet-Draft draft-ietf-avt-profile.2.1 Simple multicast audio groupA working group of the IETF meets to discuss the latest protocol draft, using the IP multicast services of the Internet for voice communications. Through some allocation mechanism the working group chair obtains a multicast group cross and copulate of ports. One port is used for audio data, and the other is used for control (RTCP) packets. This address and port information is distributed to the intended participants. If privacy is desired, the data and control packets whitethorn be encrypted, in which case an encryption key essential also be generated and distributed. The exact details of these allocation and distribution mechanisms are beyond the backdrop of RTP. The audio conferencing application used by each conference participant sends audio data in small thuds of, say, 20 ms duration. Each chunk of audio data is preceded by an RTP straits RTP nous and data jointly form a UDP packet. The RTP point indicates what fictional character of audio encoding (such as PCM, ADPCM or LPC) is contained in each packet so that senders can change the encoding during a conference, for example, to accommodate a new participant that is connected through a low-bandwidth link or react to indications of network congestion. The Internet, like other packet networks, occasionally loses and reorders packets and delays them by variable amounts of time. To cope with these impairments, the RTP header contains clock information and a sequence number that allow the receivers to reconstruct the timing produced by the source, so that in this example, chunks of audio are contiguously played out the speaker every 20 ms. This timing reconst ruction is performed separately for each source of RTP packets in the conference. The sequence number can also be used by the receiver to opine how many packets are being lost. Since members of the working group join and leave during the conference, it is useful to know who is participating at any moment and how well they are receiving the audio data. For that purpose, each instances of the audio application in the conference periodically multicasts a response report plus the draw of its user on the RTCP (control) port. The reception report indicates how well the current speaker is being received and may be used to control adaptive encoding. In addition to the user name, other identifying information may also be included subject to control bandwidth limits. A site sends the RTCP BYE packet when it leaves the conference.2.2 Audio and Video ConferenceIf both audio and video media are used in a conference, they are transmitted as separate RTP sessions RTCP packets are transmitted fo r each medium using two different UDP port pairs and/or multicast addresses. There is no direct coupling at the RTP level between the audio and video sessions, except that a user participating in both sessions should use the same distinguished (canonical) name in the RTCP packets for both so that the sessions can be associated. One want for this separation is to allow some participants in the conference to receive only one medium if they choose. Despite the separation, synchronized playback of a sources audio and video can be achieved using timing information carried in RTCP packets for both sessions 2.3 Mixers and translatorsSo far, it is anticipate that all sites want to receive media data in the same format. However, this may not always be appropriate. Consider the case where participants in one area are connected through a low-speed link to the majority of the conference participants who enjoy high-speed network access. Instead of forcing everyone to use a lower-bandwidth, red uced-quality audio encoding, an RTP-level relay called a mixer may be placed near the low-bandwidth area. This mixer resynchronizes incoming audio packets to reconstruct the constant 20 ms spacing generated by the sender, mixes these reconstructed audio streams into a single stream, translates the audio encoding to a lower-bandwidth one and forwards the lower-bandwidth packet stream across the low-speed link. These packets might be unicast to a single recipient or multicast on a different address to sevenfold recipients. The RTP header includes a means for mixers to identify the sources that contributed to a immix packet so that correct talker indication can be provided at the receivers. Some of the intended participants in the audio conference may be connected with high bandwidth links but might not be straight off reachable via IP multicast. For example, they might be behind an application-level firewall that volition not let any IP packets pass. For these sites, mixing may no t be demand in which case another type of RTP-level relay called a translator may be used. Two translators are installed, one on either side of the firewall, with the outside one funneling all multicast packets received through a secure connection to the translator inside the firewall. The translator inside the firewall sends them again as multicast packets to a multicast group restricted to the sites internal network. Mixers and translators may be designed for a variety of purposes. An example is a video mixer that scales the images of individual people in separate video streams and composites them into one video stream to simulate a group scene. Other examples of translation include the connection of a group of hosts public speaking only IP/UDP to a group of hosts that understand only ST-II, or the packet-by-packet encoding translation of video streams from individual sources without resynchronization or mixing. 3. Position of RTP in computer network As a consequence it is decid ed to put RTP in user space but should run over User Datagram Protocol (UDP, it is connectionless(prenominal) transport protocol). RTP operates as follows. The multimedia (streams) application consists of multiple audio, video, text and possibly other streams. These are fed into the RTP library, which is in user space along with the application. This library then multiplexes the streams and encodes those RTP packers, which it then stuffs into a socket. At the other end of socket (in the operating system snapper), UDP packets are generated and embedded in IP packets. If computer is on an Ethernet, the IP packets are then put in Ethernet frames for transmission. The protocol stack for this situation is shown in Figure 1. Since RTP runs in user space not in OS kernel and in the Ethernet it packed by UDP, then IP and then Ethernet, so it is difficult which layer RTP is in. But it is linked to application program and it is generic, application self-reliant protocol that just provides t ransport facilities, so it is a transport protocol that is implemented in the application layer. The packet nesting is shown in Figure 2. The main goal of RTP is to make the transmitting streams real-time applicable. On the other hand if security is provided to the transmitting streams, then some extra time is needed to encrypt the streams or to make signature such as making digest from entire movie or audio files. So in concern of time, security is added with some overheads to the RTP. The goal of this paper is to choose algorithms and procedures that make RTP reliable in term of time and security.4. clip consideration in RTPLet a video or audio file over the Internet in real-time is intended to access, then here the most(prenominal) important parameter is bandwidth of the Network. And the next important parameters are minimum clip size and its duration as well as processors speed of both server and client. At first let it be assumed that files are accessing without security con sideration. Then let review the following mathematical calculations for audio or video clip to access in real-time.One minute of arc file clip size = oneSecFileSize bits,Time duration of each clip = cSec seconds,Upload Transmission rate = uRate bits per second,Download Transmission rate = dRate bits per second,Time to upload, tUpload = oneSecFileSize *cSec/uRate,Time to download, tDownload = oneSecFileSizeIf the time to upload or download a clip is more than the time to play a clip, the player will wait and the receiver will see a explicate, i.e. max (tUpload, tDownload) cSec. For the continuous playing of clips, the following condition must be true Max (1/uRate, 1/dRate) 1/ oneSecFileSizeMin (uRate, dRate) oneSecFileSize consort to the equation, the waiting time between clips at the receiver does not depend on clip size. The only variable that matters for a continuous playback is the size of a one-second file and that the provided upload and download rates meet the supra condi tion. Lag time between playing and capturing is cSec + tupload + tdownload From the above equation, the maximum lag with no break in the feed is 3*cSec and the minimum lag is cSec. To get the clip as close to real time as possible, cSec should be reduced. Next, apply the above analysis to the following cases 4.1 Both sender and receiver withstand a low bandwidth modem connection Lets assume the uRate = dRate = 20K bits/sec. In this case, the one-second file size should be less than 20Kbits. If the clip size is 10 seconds, the maximum playback lag will be 30 seconds. It is observed that the minimum file size for transmitting a one-second video (with no audio) is 8Kbits using H263 encoding and 12896 pixels video size. It is also observed a minimum file size with the video and an 8-bit mono audio with an 8000Hz-sampling rate to be 80Kbits. 4.2 Either the sender or the receiver has a low bandwidth connectionLets assume that the lower rate is 20Kbits/sec and the other rate is much highe r. In this case the one-second file size should be less than 20Kbits, but the maximum playback lag is about 20 seconds if the clip size is 10 seconds. 4.3 Both sender and receiver have high bandwidth It is noted here that the one-second-clip size may vary from the format to format of the file, that is, how the file is encoded. For example the one-second-clip size of MP3 is less than in WAV file. But the important point here is that when cryptographic algorithms are applied in the clip then an extra time is added to the processing of clip with each side. So if applied strong encryption algorithms to the clip then extra more time is needed to both sides and upload or download time will be affected and time lag between them will also be changed. So real time access of data is also affected. Therefore, providing security in RTP the considered parameters are bandwidth of the network, file format of clips, upload and download of the clip, processor and memory speed and applying cryptograp hic and hash algorithms.5. RTP packet format and data transfer protocol RTP packet formats and its Data Transfer Protocol is as follows5.1 RTP doctor header files Whenever data are transferred with RTP, it always add a dogged header with the cargo. The RTP header has the following format shown in figure 4The first twelve octets are present in every RTP packet, while the number of CSRC identifiers is present only when inserted by a mixer. Version (V) is 2 bits wide. This field identifies the version of RTP. The version define by this judicial admission is two (2). Padding (P) is 1 bit wide. If the padding bit is set, the packet contains one or more additional padding octets at the end which are not part of the load. The polish octet of the padding contains a count of how many padding octets should be ignored. Padding may be needed by some encryption algorithms with fixed block sizes or for carrying several RTP packets in a lower-layer protocol data unit. Extension (X) is 1 bi t wide. If the extension bit is set, the fixed header is followed by exactly one header extension. CSRC Count (CC) is 4 bits wide. The CSRC count contains the number of CSRC identifiers that follow the fixed header. Marker (M) is 1 bit wide. The interpretation of the marker is defined by a profile. It is intended to allow material events such as frame boundaries to be marked in the packet stream. A profile may define additional marker bits or specify that there is no marker bit by changing the number of bits in the commitment type field. Payload type (PT) is 7 bits wide. This field identifies the format of the RTP burden and determines its interpretation by the application. A profile specifies a default static mapping of payload type codes to payload formats. Additional payload type codes may be defined dynamically through non-RTP means. An initial set of default mappings for audio and video is specified in the companion profile Internet-Draft draft-ietf-avt-profile, and may be e xtended in future editions of the Assigned Numbers RFC 9. An RTP sender emits a single RTP payload type at any given time this field is not intended for multiplexing separate media streams. Sequence number is 16 bits wide. The sequence number increments by one for each RTP data packet sent, and may be used by the receiver to detect packet loss and to restore packet sequence. The initial value of the sequence number is random (unpredictable) to make known-plaintext attacks on encryption more difficult, even if the source itself does not encrypt, because the packets may flow through a translator that does. Time stamp is 32 bits wide. The timestamp reflects the sampling instant of the first octet in the RTP data packet. The sampling instant must be derived from a clock that increments monotonically and linearly in time to allow synchronization and jitter calculations. The resolution of the clock must be sufficient for the desired synchronization accuracy and for measuring rod packet a rrival jitter (one tick per video frame is typically not sufficient). The clock frequency is dependent on the format of data carried as payload and is specified statically in the profile or payload format specification that defines the format, or may be specified dynamically for payload formats defined through non-RTP means. If RTP packets are generated periodically, the nominal sampling instant as determined from the sampling clock is to be used, not a reading of the system clock. As an example, for fixed-rate audio the timestamp clock would likely increment by one for each sampling period. If an audio application reads the blocks covering 160 sampling periods from the input device, the timestamp would be change magnitude by 160 for each such block, regardless of whether the block is transmitted in a packet or dropped as silent. The initial value of the timestamp is random, as for the sequence number. Several consecutive RTP packets may have equal timestamps if they are (logically ) generated at once, e.g., belong to the same video frame. Consecutive RTP packets may contain timestamps that are not monotonic if the data is not transmitted in the order it was sampled, as in the case of MPEG interpolated video frames. SSRC is 32 bits wide. The SSRC field identifies the synchronization source. This identifier is chosen randomly, with the intent that no two synchronization sources within the same RTP session will have the same SSRC identifier although the probability of multiple sources choosing the same identifier is low, all RTP implementations must be prepared to detect and resolve collisions. If a source changes its source transport address, it must also choose a new SSRC identifier to avoid being interpreted as a looped source. The CSRC list contains 0 to15 items, 32 bits each. The CSRC list identifies the contributing sources for the payload contained in this packet. The number of identifiers is given by the CC field. If there are more than 15 contributing s ources, only 15 may be identified. CSRC identifiers are inserted by mixers, using the SSRC identifiers of contributing sources. For example, for audio packets the SSRC identifiers of all sources that were mixed together to create a packet is listed, allowing correct talker indication at the receiver.5.2 Multiplexing RTP sessionsFor efficient protocol processing, the number of multiplexing points should be minimized. In RTP, multiplexing is provided by the finish transport address (network address and port number), which defines an RTP session. For example, in a teleconference composed of audio and video media encoded separately, each medium should be carried in a separate RTP session with its own destination transport address. It is not intended that the audio and video be carried in a single RTP session and demultiplexed ground on the payload type or SSRC fields. Interleaving packets with different payload types but using the same SSRC would introduce several problemsIf one paylo ad type were switched during a session, there would be no general means to identify which of the old values the new one replaced.An SSRC is defined to identify a single timing and sequence number space. Interleaving multiple payload types would require different timing spaces if the media clock rates differ and would require different sequence number spaces to recognize which payload type suffered packet loss. The RTCP sender and receiver reports can only describe one timing and sequence number space per SSRC and do not carry a payload type field.An RTP mixer would not be able to combine interleaved streams of compatible media into one stream.Carrying multiple media in one RTP session precludes the use of different network paths or network resource allocations if appropriate reception of a subset of the media if desired, for example just audio if video would exceed the operable bandwidth and receiver implementations that use separate processes for the different media, whereas usin g separate RTP sessions permits either single- or multiple-process implementations.Using a different SSRC for each medium but displace them in the same RTP session would avoid the first three problems but not the last two.5.3 Profile-Specific modifications to the RTP header The existing RTP data packet header is believed to be complete for the set of functions requisite in common across all the application classes that RTP might support. However, in keeping with the ALF design principle, the header may be tailored through modifications or additions defined in a profile specification while still allowing profile- sovereign monitoring and recording tools to function. The marker bit and payload type field carry profile-specific information, but they are allocated in the fixed header since many applications are expected to need them and might otherwise have to add another 32-bit word just to hold them. The octet containing these fields may be redefined by a profile to suit different r equirements, for example with a more or fewer marker bits. If there are any marker bits, one should be located in the most significant bit of the octet since profile-independent monitors may be able to observe a correlation between packet loss patterns and the marker bit. Additional information that is required for a particular payload format, such as a video encoding, should be carried in the payload section of the packet. This might be in a header that is always present at the start of the payload section, or might be indicated by a reserved value in the data pattern. If a particular class of applications needs additional functionality independent of payload format, the profile under which those applications operate should define additional fixed fields to follow immediately after the SSRC field of the existing fixed header. Those applications will be able to quickly and directly access the additional fields while profile-independent monitors or recorders can still process the RTP packets by interpreting only the first twelve octets. If it turns out that additional functionality is needed in common across all profiles, then a new version of RTP should be defined to make a permanent change to the fixed header.5.4 RTP header extensionAn extension mechanism is provided to allow individual implementation to experiment with new payload-format-independent functions that require additional information to be carried in the RTP data packet header. This mechanism is designed so that the header extension may be ignored by other interoperating implementations that have not been extended. Note that this header extension is intended only for bound use. Most potential uses of this mechanism would be done better another way, using the methods described in the previous section. For example, a profile-specific extension to the fixed header is less expensive to process because it is not conditional nor in a variable location. Additional information is required for a particula r payload format should not use this header extension but should be carried in the payload section of the packet. If the X bit in the RTP header is one, a variable-length header extension is appended to the RTP header, following the CSRC list if present. The RTP header extension is shown in figure 5The header extension contains a 16-bit length field that counts the number of 32-bit words in the extension, excluding the four-octet extension header (therefore zero is a valid length). Only a single extension may be appended to the RTP data header. To allow multiple interoperating implementations to each experiment independently with different header extensions, or to allow a particular implementation to experiment with more than one type of header extension, the first 16 bits of the header extension are left open for distinguishing identifiers or parameters. The format of these 16 bits is to be defined by the profile specification under which the implementations are operating. This RTP specification does not define any header extensions itself.5.5 Real-time Transport Control Protocol (RTCP) RTCP is a coordination protocol of RTP. It provides some tasks to annex the performance of RTP. The RTP control protocol (RTCP) is found on the periodic transmission of control packets to all participants in the session, using the same distribution mechanism as the data packets. The underlying protocol must provide multiplexing of the data and control packets, for example using separate port numbers with UDP. RTCP performs four functionsThe primary function is to provide feedback on the quality of the data distribution. This is an integral part of the RTPs role as a transport protocol and is related to the flow and congestion control functions of other transport protocols. The feedback may be directly useful for control of adaptive encodings, but experiments with IP multicasting have shown that it is also critical to get feedback from the receivers to discover faults in the distribution. Sending reception feedback reports to all participants allows one who is observing problems to evaluate whether those problems are local or global. With a distribution mechanism like IP multicast, it is also possible for an entity such as a network service provider who is not otherwise involved in the session to receive the feedback information and act as a third-party monitor to diagnose network problems. This feedback function is performed by the RTCP sender and receiver reports.RTCP carries a persistent transport-level identifier for an RTP source called the canonical name or CNAME. Since the SSRC identifier may change if a conflict is discovered or a program is restarted, receivers require the CNAME to keep track of each participant. Receivers also require the CNAME to associate multiple data streams from a given participant in a set of related RTP sessions, for example to synchronize audio and video.The first two functions require that all participants send RTCP p ackets therefore the rate must be controlled in order for RTP to scale up to a large number of participants. By having each participant send its control packets to all the others, each can independently observe the number of participants. This number is used to calculate the rate at which the packets are sent.A fourth, optional function is to convey minimal session control information, for example participant identification to be displayed in the user interface. This is most likely to be useful in loosely controlled sessions where participants enter and leave without membership control or parameter negotiation. RTCP serves as a convenient fetch to reach all the participants, but it is not necessarily expected to support all the control communication requirements of an application. A higher-level session control protocol, which is beyond the backdrop of this document, may be needed.Functions (i)-(iii) are mandatory when RTP is used in the IP multicast environment, and are recommend ed for all environments. RTP application designers are advised to avoid mechanisms that can only work in unicast mode and will not scale to larger numbers.5.6 RTCP transmission intervalRTP is designed to allow an application to scale automatically over session sizes ranging from a few participants to thousands. For example, in an audio conference the data traffic is inherently self-limiting because only one or two people will speak at a time, so with multicast distribution the data rate on any given link remains relatively constant independent of the number of participants. However, the control traffic is not self-limiting. If the reception reports from each participant were sent at a constant rate, the control traffic would grow linearly with the number of participants. Therefore, the rate must be scaled down. For each session, it is assumed that the data traffic is subject to an aggregate limit called the session bandwidth to be divided among the participants. This bandwidth migh t be reserved and the limit enforced by the network, or it might just be a reasonable share. The session bandwidth may be chosen based or some cost or a priori knowledge of the available network bandwidth for the session. It is somewhat independent of the media encoding, but the encoding election may be limited by the session bandwidth. The session bandwidth parameter is expected to be supplied by a session management application when it invokes a media application, but media applications may also set a default based on the single-sender data bandwidth for the encoding selected for the session. The application may also enforce bandwidth limits based on multicast scope rules or other criteria. Bandwidth calculations for control and data traffic include lower- layer transport and network protocols (e.g., UDP and IP) since that are what the resource reservation system would need to know. The application can also be expected to know which of these protocols are in use. Link level heade rs a

Tim Hortons Design of Goods Services

Tim Hortons rule of Goods ServicesTim Hortons Inc. is a fast intellectual nourishment giant operating in North the States and Canada. The Companys offerings intromits premium coffee, flavored cappuccinos, specialty teas, home-style soups, fresh sandwiches, wraps, hot breakfast sandwiches and fresh baked goods. season the company is expanding it is challenged by the concerns of design of goods and on the button in clipping concepts of trading trading operations management.II. Literature Reviewoperations Management is the science and art of ensuring that goods and services be created and delivered successfully to customers. Applying the principles of OM entails a solid understanding of people, sufficees, and technology, and how they ar incorporated within business systems to create value.The way in which goods and services, and the processes that create and support them, are designed and managed canful make the difference between a fine or unhappy customer experiences.Ope rations management is the hardly function by which managers can directly affect the value provided to all stakeholders customers, employees, investors, and society. Effective operations management is essential to providing high-quality goods and services that customers demand, motivating, and developing the skills of the people who actually do the work, maintaining efficient operations to ensure an adequate return on investment, and protecting the environment.Operations management foc wasting diseases on carefully managing the processes to produce and distribute harvest-festivals and services. Major, everyplaceall activities often include product creation, development, production and dispersal. Related activities include managing purchases, inventory control, quality control, storage, logistics and evaluations of processes. A great deal of focus is on efficiency and effectiveness of processes. Therefore, operations management often includes substantial measurement and analysis of internal processes. Ultimately, the nature of how operations management is carried out in an organization depends very much on the nature of the products or services in the organization, for example, on retail, manufacturing or wholesale (1). thought Design of Goods and ServicesA good is a somatogenetic product that unity can see, touch, or possibly consume. Examples of goods include oranges, flowers, televisions, soap, airplanes, fish, furniture, coal, coffee, lumber, and personal computers. A long good is a product that typically lasts at least three years. Vehicles, dishwashers, and furniture are some examples of durable goods. A nondurable good is perishable and loosely lasts for less than three years. Examples are toothpaste, software, shoes, and fruit.A service is any primary or complementary activity that does not directly produce a physical product. Services represent the nongoods part of a transaction between a buyer (customer) and seller (supplier).1 Common examples of services are hotels, legal and financial firms, airlines, health care organizations, museums, and consulting firms.Product (or service) management includes a wide range of management activities, ranging from the time that theres a new idea for a product to eventually providing current support to customers who withstand purchased the new product. Every organization conducts product development, whether its done intentionally or unintentionally (2).Goods and services have some(prenominal) similarities. They are impelled by customers and provide value and satisfaction to customers. They can be standardized for mass market or customized to individual needs.Just in TimeJust-in-time (JIT) is a management philosophy that originated in the 1970s. Taiichi Ohno is credited with developing JIT and perfected it for Toyotas manufacturing plants in Japan. The main goal of JIT is to eliminate anything that does not add value from the customers perspective. Non-value-added activities are re ferred to as elope in JIT (4). Examples of waste includeoverproduction beyond what is needed to satisfy immediate demandwaiting time (work-in-process, customer waiting)unnecessary merchant marine (material handling, customer travel through a facility, etc.)processing waste (yield rates, start-up costs)inventory storage waste (space, deterioration, obsolescence, etc.)unnecessary motion and activity (waste in work techniques, etc.)waste from product and service defects (rework, scrap, warranty, etc.)Just-in-time (JIT) refers to a collection of practices that is designed to eliminate waste. These organizational practices encompass the entire logistics flow of materials from get through production and distribution.The divisors of JIT may include shared product design with suppliers and customers, movement toward single sourcing, proximate suppliers and customers, reduced set-up times, preventive maintenance, reliance on analytic tools to identify sources of defects and plant optimiz ation layout (re)configurations, among early(a)s.The benefits are pervasive and can include lower total system costs and improved product quality when managed at optimum levels. A fair get of evidence is available to support the claim of improved performance derived from the adoption of JIT or some of its components. Companies have reduced in-process inventory to a greater extent than 50% and top out times by more than 80%. An inventory system managed to the extreme with JIT principles correlates inversely with the level of labor efficiency. Outsourcing is an essential tool for any business executive. JIT history Modeling brings a unique perspective that can attention clients make and implement the best decisions even in these unprecedented times (5).The use of JIT in servicesA review of the major academic research journals found most articles focused on JIT in manufacturing firms. Non-manufacturing environments have been given little fury in the research literature. However , a review of recent applied journals revealed articles describing JIT precepts migrating to non-manufacturing environments. These non-manufacturing environments include typical service businesses such as insurance firms, retailers and mail-order firms.Continuous improvement of the processAs part of JIT slaying, organizations must instill the habit of expecting continuous small improvements in the process. The operators must never be satisfied with the current environment, but incessantly be moving closer to the ideal situation. Service operations are ripe for significant productivity gains that can be achieved through process improvements. However, recognizing processes that can be improved through the implementation of JIT techniques has been difficult.Holistic approach to elimination of wasteThe JIT philosophy must be adopted throughout all levels and in all functions of the organization. Chase (1991) provides an excellent argument for and examples of the need to consider the se rvice aspects of the manufacturing firm as potential areas for competitive advantage. He argues further that service innovations typically cut across departmental boundaries and cross-functional support is required for a successful implementation. From a non-manufacturing perspective, inventory and purchasing are the most obvious areas for implementing JIT techniques because of the common vocabulary, of which many examples can be found. According to Schonberger and Gilbert (1983), the just-in-time concept as applied to purchasing translates into frequent secretes and deliveries. They developed a list of characteristics describing a JIT purchasing environment. As can be seen from the items listed below, these characteristics could be descriptive of almost any purchasing operation, be it in a manufacturing or service environment(1) Suppliersfew suppliers nigh suppliersrepeat business with same suppliersactive use of analysis to enable desirable suppliers to be fetch/stay price-compe titiveclusters of remote suppliers, competitive bidding mostly peculiar(a) to new part numbersbuyer plant resists vertical integration and subsequent wipeout of supplier businesssuppliers are encouraged to extend JIT get to their suppliers(2) Quantitiessteady output rate (a desirable prerequisite)frequent delivery in small quantitieslong-term contract agreementsminimal release paperworkdelivery quantities variable from release to release, but fixed for whole contract termlittle or no permissible overage or underage of receiptssuppliers encouraged to mail boat in exact quantitiessuppliers encouraged to reduce their production lot sizes (or store unreleased material)(3) Qualityminimal product specifications imposed on supplierhelp suppliers to meet quality requirementsclose relationships between buyers and suppliers quality assurance peoplesuppliers encouraged to use process control charts instead of lot sampling revaluationInman and Mehra (1991) examined the potential for JIT in service industries through three purchasing-oriented case studies. These cases highlight the application of JIT to three areas identified as the purchase of sub-components/ services maintenance, repair and operations (MRO) goods and quasi-MRO goods. They concluded that the utilization of JIT in a service industry is more than justifiable. They similarly offered suggestions for implementing JIT in service industries that strongly resembled those offered to manufacturing firms contemplating adoption of JIT.Flexibility in the use of resourcesFirms should have the ability to change processes rapidly to meet customer demands without wasting resources. Because the output from service processes is often highly customized, flexibility is a key element for many successful service organizations. Improving the timing and quantity of resource allocations for performing a process to avoid employing human and material resources when they are not needed is another facet of JIT.Decreasing the cost of maintaining patient accounts was the purpose of applying JIT techniques in a hospital as reported by Groenevelt (1990). While this implementation in addition could have fallen under the improving work flow accent mark, many of the JIT techniques discussed in this article reflect employee centred techniques increasing the flexibility of the workforce. Workers were involved in decisions training and education programmes were established to create a pool of multi-skilled workers standardized procedures were established performance standards were created and monitored and a special emphasis was placed on reproduction co-operation and commitment to the JIT philosophy.Another mathematical model is offered by Ramasesh (1990) for the implementation of JIT techniques in purchasing systems that have not yet advanced to the ultimate level of JIT purchasing (lot size of one). He treated the fixed costs associated with the adoption of JIT as investment, and justified it based on the savin gs generated using any of the techniques of investment analysis. He modified the traditional economic order quantity model to include explicitly the costs of small-lot shipments. He also provided guidelines and formulae for determining the order quantity and the optimal number of shipments.Respect for peopleBecause customers are directly involved in the service delivery process, service employees play a crucial role in affecting the customers perception of the quality and value of the service. Employees must respect customer requirements and provide service in a timely and efficient manner. Those same employees merit the respect of the companys management. This means helping employees work smarter, not harder, through training and supervisory assistance, and involving all employees in problem solving and process improvements.Many of the articles discussed in other categories mentioned the need to implement various techniques for helping employees work smarter, not harder (Billesba ch and Schneiderjans, 1989 Carlson, 1989 Groenevelt, 1990 Savage-Moore, 1988 to name a few). Most of these articles focused primarily on operational changes. However, they also recognized the vital role employees have in service industries and emphasized methods for improving their performance.Service firms working for JIT manufacturing firms must be aware of the impact of the customers JIT emphasis on their own companies. Bagchi et al. (1987) investigated the importance of various service factors considered by both JIT and non-JIT firms when selecting a transportation carrier. They concluded that executives in JIT firms regard customer service-related factors as more important than others. JIT firms place significantly more emphasis on service-related determinants, such as frequency of service, delivery predictability, transit time, service schedule changes and service flexibility. Carriers and other service providers must design effective service offerings which include the custom er service requirements of their JIT customers.III. Company AnalysisCompany ProfileTim Hortons has been founded in 1964 as a coffee and donut shop and opened its first outlet in Hamilton, Canada. As of today, they have more than 2600 stores in Canada. There is one outlet for every 8,707 people in Ontario, compared with one outlet for every 18,906 people in the western provinces of Canada. Also, Tim Hortons has more than 250 outlets in USA. Tim Hortons has generated revenue of US $1.2 billion for its corporate parent, Wendys International, in 2005.Tim Hortons is committed to offer everlastingly fresh, fast, convenient, and wide varieties of the products. One of the specialities of Tim Hortons is they want to make sure that their menu is being embellished by adding a new taste. Hot Smoothee is one of their new tastes, and it was launched in October 2005.Goods and Services SelectionTim Hortons Inc. is a quick service restaurant operating in North America and Canada. The Companys offer ings includes premium coffee, flavored cappuccinos, specialty teas, home-style soups, fresh sandwiches, wraps, hot breakfast sandwiches and fresh baked goods. It directly owns and operates small number of company restaurants in Canada and the United States. The Company also has warehouse and distribution operations, which supplies paper and dry goods to the Canada-based restaurants, and supply frozen baked goods and some refrigerated products to the Ontario-based restaurants. In the United States, the Company supplies similar products to system restaurants through third-party distributors. The operations also include coffee roasting plants in Rochester, New York and Hamilton, Ontario, a joint-venture bakery, and a fondant and fills manufacturing facility. In July 2009, the Company began serving its signature coffee in New York City. warring AdvantageTim Hortons is a dominant player in Canada, and the chain has a 75 per cent market share in Canadian coffee-doughnut industry. Starting work on 2006, Tim Hortons Inc. started trading publicly on the Toronto and New York Stock Exchanges and made itself more valuable. The company is now one of the strongest franchises in Canada, with annual sales of $1.6 billion, 1700 outlets, and an aggressive involution plan into the United States.One in three cups of coffee sold in Canada comes from Tim Hortons, and Canada-a country with more donut shops per capita than any other country- fronts to be a country in love with coffee and donuts. Canadian soldiers even take tins of Tim Hortons coffee with them on overseas deployment, and one of the competitors, Country Style Donuts, recognizes the dominance and sets its sights on becoming number two in the market-they are not even considering challenging the companys dominant position. Even the purchase of the company by U.S.-based Wendys International doesnt seem to have slowed the company down or tainted its image as a Canadian icon.Customers are able to find Tim Hortons outlets m ore than competitor caf-shops across country. This is the one of the advantages Tim Hortons has. They have more than 2600 stores in Canada. There is one outlet for every 8,707 people in Ontario. This advantage makes Tim Hortons more competitive, but just only in the caffeine product. Hot Smoothee has shown their banner all around Tim Horton store, but they couldnt catch consumers.Whereas Starbucks has about 600 outlets in Canada, Second Cup operates more than 370 outlets across country.Issues Encountered with the Design of GoodsObesity levels are reaching unprecedented levels and the rates of diabetes are skyrocketing. Canadians, and North Americans in general, are becoming increasingly health conscious. With almost a poop of Canadians obese, obesity is- no pun intended-at epic proportions, and that could affect Tim Hortons in terms of lawsuits, regulation, and complaints from public interest groups. For example, a group of obese U.S. teenagers sued McDonalds, claiming its food had made them fat. While a judge threw the case out, any fast-food restaurant could be a print and the cost of defending the company could easily exceed several zillion dollars per case, and thats only if you win.The concern about fat and carbohydrates pretty much focuses on what a donut is-fat and carbohydrates. If the growing interest in eating health food wasnt worrying enough, an aggressive new U.S. competitor is entering your market-Krispy Kreme. Although Krispy Kreme has only about a third of the sales (all U.S.) of Tim Hortons, its growth rate has been phenomenal. It has doubled its sales and stores over the last five years, including an incredible 40 percent increase in sales in the last year alone. Even Hollywood has jumped on the Krispy Kreme bandwagon, with Nicole Kidman declaring them Gods seat to donut lovers, and the product has been seen on over 80 TV shows. It now has plans to aggressively enter the Canadian market and take Tim Hortons head on. In the meantime, Tim H ortonss U.S. enlargement plans havent gone well, with the company losing millions of dollars.New Product OpportunityThe latest taste of Tim Hortons is non-caffeinated hot beverage Hot Smoothee. It was introduced in October 2005 with four flavors butter caramel, raspberry, hazelnut, and orange. Tim Hortons Hot Smoothee is served either in cartoon or ceramic cup. Specially, ceramic cups made customers feel like at home. Hot Smoothee has no special design for their cups. In addition, they organized the label together with the description for the flavor which might lead to confusion.At Tim Hortons, customers dont expect the ambience and quality of service that Starbucks and Second Cup provide. Customers expectations are not high as much as when they go to Tim Hortons. They only expect to have hot drink, fast service and convenient place. This factor makes Tim Hortons and competitors target interview different.Product-by-Value AnalysisIn terms of place design/atmosphere, Tim Hortons is more about convenience and saving time. Starbucks is more than that drinking coffee it has been about sitting in the cafe and enjoying the ambience. Meanwhile, Second Cup provides their customers cozy environment as Starbucks does. But also, starting from 2005, customers are able to bring their laptops or handheld devices and surf the net profit over coffee. This factor makes Second Cup more competitive comparing to Starbucks.At Tim Hortons, customers dont expect the ambience and quality of service that Starbucks and Second Cup provide. Customers expectations are not high as much as when they go to Tim Hortons. They only expect to have hot drink, fast service and convenient place. This factor makes Tim Hortons and competitors target audience different.A Starbucks experience is-each cup is made to a customers personal order. Especially that baby boomers are looking for quality, individual choice and personalized service. They have the money and they are willing to pay for it. They are looking for more than having coffee. Tim Hortons also serves to baby boomers for more than 40 years in Canada, but they are falling behind competitors like Starbucks when it comes to quality, unique choices and excellent service.IV. Executive SummaryTim Hortons, as a fast-food company giant is challenged by issues concerning operations managements concepts of design of goods and just in time. North America is beset with alarming rate of obesity, and Tim Hortons whose products involves doughnuts, which main ingredients are fat and sugar. Due to this, Tim Hortons is besieged by a challenge to come up with products that are keener to the health of its customer.Just-In-Time touches on all operations in a firm including design, accounting, finance, marketing, distribution among other. The application of the concept of Just-In-Time to a service and product company like Tim Horton will further enhance customer experience and allow the company to eliminate waste and make true their stat ement to always serve fresh, fast, convenient, and wide varieties of the products.

Mixer and Nozzle Process Description :: essays research papers

MixerThe hot send that is forced out of the combustor and through the turbine continues to exit the engine at the rearward. Before exiting however, this telephone circuit must be mixed with the cooler avoid air that did not go through the compressor and combustor. These two airstreams are mixed in order to quiet the engine.To understand how air can create noise, first consider the way water splashes and makes noise when a wave crashes. In the same way, when two different air streams travel at extremely high speeds and at different temperatures collide with one another, noise is produced. In addition to the air streams colliding, the air also collides with the components of the engine and nacelle. some other example of air making noise is when wind hits a house. Even in a wind storm with small wind speeds, wind makes hasten and a grumbling noise against the outside walls of a house.In order to mix the two air streams, the social directs the air escaping from the combustor and turbine blades outward towards the stream of bypass air. This is accomplished by stators, or channels that direct the air flow. There are stators in several other places in the engine, but their function is to contain the rotational momentum of the air and force it to fly straighter. After having turned the turbine blades, the air is given a spiraling motion which decreases its velocity. The stators correct this by channeling the air towards the nozzle so that it can be expelled as exhaust.The mixer must withstand temperatures of more than 3000 degrees Fahrenheit. It is made of nickel alloys which are engineered to withstand heat. Without this heat resistance, the mixer would either melt or suffer distortions and permanent damage.Although the mixer helps to reduce jet engine noise, it does not eliminate it entirely. The low grumbling sound of a jet is the result of the air mixing inside the engine and being expelled toward the rear of the aircraft. The air streams coming out of the rear of the engine also smacking against the air outside the aircraft and even against parts of the aircraft itself.NozzleThe main function of the nozzle is to create thrust. As the hot gases are expelled out the nozzle, they exert a force on the plane and propel it forward. Gas turbine engines operate according to Newtons Third Law of Physics which states that for every action there is an opposite and equal reaction.

The Id, Ego and Superego in Lord of the Flies :: Lord Flies Essays

The Id, Ego and Superego in Lord of the Flies In viewing the various aspects of the island society in Goldings Lord of the Flies as a symbolic microcosm of society, a converse perspective must also be considered. Goldings island of marooned youngsters consequently becomes a macrocosm, wherein the island represents the individual human and the various characters and symbols the elements of the human psyche. As such, Goldings world of childrens morals and actions then becomes a survey of the human condition, both individually and collectively. Almost textbook in their portrayal, the primary characters of Jack, Ralph and Piggy are then best interpreted as Freuds very concepts of id, ego and superego, respectively. As the id of the island, Jacks actions are the most blatantly driven by animalistic rapacious gratification needs. In discovering the thrill of the black market, his pleasure drive is emphasized, purported by Freud to be the basic human need to be gratified. In much the same way, Goldings portrayal of a hunt as a rape, with the boys ravenously jumping atop the pig and brutalizing it, alludes to Freuds basis of the pleasure drive in the libido, the term serving a double Lntendre in its psychodynamic and physically sensual sense. Jacks unwillingness to acknowledge the conch as the source of centrality on the island and Ralph as the seat of power is consistent with the portrayal of his particular self-importance. Freud also colligate the id to what he called the destructive drive, the aggressiveness of self-ruin. Jacks antithetical lack of compassion for nature, for others, and ultimately for himself is thoroughly evidenced in his needless hunting, his role in the brutal murders of Simon and Piggy, and in the end in his burning of the entire island, even at the cost of his own life. In much the same way, Piggys demeanor and very character links him to the superego, the sense of right and wrong factor in Freuds model of the psyche. Golding marks Piggy with the distinction of being more intellectually mature than the others, branding him with a connection to a higher(prenominal) authority the outside world. It is because the superego is dependent on outside support that Piggy fares the worst out of the three major characters in the isolation of the island. Piggy is set forth as being more socially compatible with adults, and carries himself with a sense of rationale and purpose that often serves as Ralphs moral compass in crisis although Ralph ab initio uses the conch to call the others, it is Piggy who possesses the knowledge to blow it as a signal despite his inability to do so.