Golding’s modern fable “Lord of the Flies” Essay

What gave Golding the inspiration to compile the great refreshed, Lord of the Flies? He wrote the Lord of the flies novel presently after the war, which was later published in 1954. So it was soon after the war when he wrote it. So was this where his inspiration came from for the novel. Did seeing children distraint give him ideas? Did the Hitler give him inspiration for jack and Churchill for Ralph? Did the war lead him to pull through the book at all? We dont k directly now, and probably never will do But we can guess. We can hear and work out what do him write this incredible tale of the children at peace(p) savages who fight for survival on the island.The children where being evacuated from the war when they crashed. Ralph was the first typeface to be introduced. He came out the story to be the strong one. The drawing card who only wanted the best to come of topics and to break off it all and seize home, just wish Winston Churchill wanted to win the war. Jack on th e other(a) side, turned out to be more evil, more sadistic and oftentimes more savage then Ralph. He was being compared to Hitler or Mussolini. The primary(prenominal) evil powers in the Second World War.The conch even scores the democracy in the play. It could sound be related to the democracy between countries, the vote, the councils and the League of Nations. Golding could well of estimate of a symbol that was needed to represent this on the island. The only thing stopping them from tearing each other imp from limp. solely deal the rest of the world in the war. The conch was in that location for peace on the island, and the councils were there to stop the world from destroying one another completely.The fire could well represent a piece of the war of mass destruction. The blitz, for example. It destroyed half of London, like the fire destroyed half the island. Londoners were getting scared the war would never end, after something so bad happened. Golding incorporated th is by utilise it like the boys on the island, seeing this destruction made them realise, this may never end, and they may all die soon.Once they had been there a short while. They began to turn into savages. Ralph knew this wasnt going to end soon. They knew things were going to happen, friends and enemies would be made and it would be along time till it ends. This was the case of the war. Hitler and Churchill knew it was a long-run war and they could be there for years.Golding probably noticed during the war, that mickle try to be defy. But beneath the skin, they are truly scared. The people who went off to war, had to be brave, to show those they are confident, that they want to win, to set an example for the people at home and the children. Golding sees this, and puts this into his characters. Everyone on the island was scared, Especially the littluns. Ralph and Jack have to be strong. They are scared, however need to put on a brave face for the sake of everyone. People wil l break depressed without stronger people to leap out them like Ralph and jack and the bigguns. Golding has again, related his characters to the human beings that took part in the war. He has compared them, and they basically have the same feelings, just shown in different shipway and surroundings.Golding also relates the ending to the war. How d-day is the same as the last bit of the Book. However, Ralph was now related to Hitler and Jack, Churchill. This is because, Jack is winning, and he almost has Ralph, almost has him stuck and almost has the end of Ralph. He has him cornered, when it ends. Just before Ralph is about to be killed it all over. The trial by ordeal they have gone through has ended in 5 minutes. Just like, the last day of the war, When Germany is close to loosing, they surrender, and its all over.I reckon the early 20th century was a good source for Goldings book, Lord of the Flies. The war was the main thing to happen in the years of Golding writing the book. He saw things first hand and wrote down this in a story, which he changed to make a story, but employ the same roots as the war stories. Golding book was a mythological story of boys, who are stranded, but he hides the fact hat its related to the war well. You dont really notice it, but looking beneath the skin of the book, you actually realise the strong affinity it has with the war.

Betrayal: Best Friend

creation betrayed by your best adorer is one of the most difficult things you capacity have to deal with. I suppose that I wouldnt actually sleep with anything somewhat that due to never considering myself as my best friend. I chance the worst betrayal one stack go through is betraying yourself. I have gone through that many times, its awful and it hurts when it does happen. You never signify that you fuck actually hurt yourself so terribly that it would affect your emotional state until it happens.Ive intentional over the past years that you can non sit there and conceive that you have a best friend unless you realize that you are your have best friend. You have to learn to spot and trust yourself before you can love and put trust in a best friend. So Ive recognized that the people I thought were my best friends passim these years were actually just people I was associated with, acquaintances. This also shows how you can not rely on people.You always find something n ew about that person and some whitethorn never show their true colors. both(prenominal) people may think that you cant be best friends with yourself but if you love and trust yourself you can. This is actually a good thing, it teaches you to love and care for yourself matter on yourself and to make sure that you dont have to depend on others for advice when really you can solve the problem yourself. When I did I realized how awed awful I betrayed myself and also the people around me I dictum how much it hurt.I told myself that I would never do it again and that I needed to learn to love myself so I could grow up and acquire a best friend the right way. One may trying to do best by not treating themselves that way anymore and to straighten up completely make sure you dont betray myself anymore. I feel that its a lot more harmful a person to betray themselves than it is to betray another person. I have also learned that not everyone feels the same way as you, there for do not kn ow how bad they hurt you. Most teenagers seem to think miss empathy makes them cool.

American family

there be three uncouth characteristics that would Impact types of marri grows that have on family definitions. Monogamous, polygamous, and arranged marri advances. Monogamous is where the family stays out of the decision. Polygamous is where they have quintuple options, which is illegal in the US. This type of marriage surfaces it k to have multiple families. Arranged marriages are where the family of the bride and groom negotiate an arrangement before the twain parties enter Into a consanguinity. . Family Is a group of two people or more(prenominal) related by birth, marriage, or adoption and residing to withdrawher. Ho employmenthold refers to every told people who occupy a housing unit regardless of relationship. They should be arrested different be take people that live together doesnt necessarily have to be related, which makes it a household. 3. The United States include hardly a(prenominal)er marriages, fewer tykeren, later age of marriage, which causes an increas e in single-parent families and step families. 4. Marriage is in decline. 5.The positive effect of family of origin Is mellowed levels of parental affection during holding are associated with an meliorate ability to regulate veto emotions in childhood, high levels of parental ecstasy during childhood are associated with better physical health in adulthood, parents who are involved in their childrens school activates have children with higher educational aspirations, and children whose parents fabric and explain financial tasks to them are better prepared to take on financial habits and responsibilities themselves.The negative effects of family of origin Is early exposure to force-out in the family correlates with positive attitudes award marital violence, mothers with maladaptive eating habits whitethorn increase the bidlihood of their daughters developing disorders, lose of parental affection and high levels of conflict at sept may conduce in woeful emotion regulation and maladaptive coping styles, children from divorced families are more likely to get divorced themselves and people who perceived their family of origin as less healthy are more likely to have negative attitudes toward marriage. . Families fulfill economic security, social prestige and status, education, recreation, and affection. . A race Is a group of people who are classified gibe to their skin color. An social group is a group of people characterized by cultural factors, such(prenominal) as language, religion, and shared customs, that are passed from one generation to the next which flush toilet impact the definition of family. 8. Structural functionalist view the family as a scheme that promotes the maintenance of society, with the traditional nuclear family as the Ideal form.Conflict theorists debate that mortal family portions are Involved In a instant power bark and that conflict within families is necessary because it results in interchange and adaptation. Symbo lic interactions believe that individuals develop a sense of self through their interactions with others. 9. The berth of society, the perspective of small groups, and the perspective of the individual drive out be utilize to mend families. 10.It has been said that step on it is the chilly of civilization. But In nutshell we can check out that Its a distinct way from a nonher (pronominal) human surcharge out his rush, as it is given by other person. So it becomes the burst out out of his identity. This identity influences several aspects of the hereafter such as society, political sympathies etcetera the Statesn society has endlessly been enriched by its waves of immigrants. And hence at that broadcast is a requisite for statistics due to its evolution and diversity.Therefore the au hencetic embodied characters, the alleged (pronominal) unit characters, such as cranial profile and size, stature, the pro puts of the delusive automobile trunk and the relative length of the limbs, eye excuse (blue, gray, Rene, depressed or BRB owners eyes), the lips, sensory hair color and texture, irrupt form,? skin color, seventh cranial nerve type, absence or abundance of body hair, etc. Races were almost universally considered to reflect group differences in moral character and intelligence.Lets consider and cause session an example of Nordic or Baltic subspecies. 11. The golden age of the asses was too a contributing factor to rising divorce rate in the asses and asses. When soldiers returned from the war, many omen were forced to give up their manufacturing plant Jobs to make way for the returning veterans and encouraged to stay at position and drive domestic roles. As a result, birth rates increase and the norm age at frontmost marriage decreased. 2. Although they all hear to be closely related to reality to me, I would have to say functionalism. 13. The family stress is related to constitute obligations. Changing the attitudes by less abundant exer t hours, more family fourth dimension, and household management in the hightail itplace could be done to reduce or eliminate these stresses. 14. Yes, one loud advocate that the strong reduction in community/neighborhood ties has impacted the metier of American Families.The community IS the American family. 15. Yes, it is best for a researcher to go both the qualitative and quantitative studies. 16. Qualitative research is likely establish on the theoretical perspective. 17. A. Ask a question about a specific musical theme B. Do background research on the topic C. Formulate a hypothesis. D. Test your hypothesis by conducting research and conference data. E. Analyze your data and decide on a conclusion. F. Write up the results.American familyThere exists some fundamental differences in the midst of the 21st atomic number 6 American family and the 19th nose candy or early 20th Century American family. In sociological, political fronts, issues ranging from racism to cold war c haracterized the American family of the 1963. Eating habits were different and were influenced by economic activities as was the transport mover coarsely in use then. Back then, the typical American family was mostly make up of parents and children with a high affiliation to the extended family compared to straight offs family.Back then the gender equity debate had not gained prominence. The manful was widely considered as the sole bread winner and rattling few women compared to straight off were running(a) although it is around this age that there was an upsurge in the number of women pursuing career lives. The American nation was back then an industrial power and therefore tasks for a husband included working in the industries, participating in various political meetings then dominate by the segregation debate. Depending on personal interest, political movements were something the ordinary American would participate in.Major cities in America had started experiencing tra nsportation crisis by 1963, which means the average American was not walking to work as they owned automobiles particularly those in the urban piecetings Wilentz, 1984. 436-440. The road transport was one of the widely used means of transport although for movement further outside the major cities, railway system transport was a major transport mode. Air transport was not widely used as it is to solar day, as the aviation industry was let off not very developed.In the 1960s most women and indeed the girl child was not treated the same way as men by the society. The girl child was viewed as fit for some professions. It was rare to get women competing in some fields like medicine or engineering science and indeed the military. Women were constructed by the society as the weaker sex and only fitted for some professions such as nursing and education. The above can be attributed to the lack of strong forums for women to express themselves as well as lack of enough role models for th e women.The media back then played a very important role in the lives of the Americans, by 1963, most families owned video sets. Although the flow of news was not as swift and faster as it is the case today, nevertheless most Americans had access to radios and TVs. The limited flow of info into and out of the US meant that most families could not quite comprehend and therefore appreciate other cultures. The above can be attributed to the not so advanced technology as compared to todays era of profits technology.The education system in 1963 was not very different from what it is today although many amendments have been introduced to the education act. Overly the education system as it existed in 1963 unexpended room for infiltration by racism and marginalization of the racial minorities. For instance in some states racial minority children would be openly denied access in white dominated schools, colleges and universities. Therefore where children would attend school largely dep ended on amongst others social background.Overly, the society was not as sensitive to the disabled children to the special needs children as compared to todays education system. Famous music bands such as the Beatles spiced American amusement lives. Rock and pop music was what engulfed revelers and especially teenagers. Cinema had also gained popularity as a source of entertainment in the USA. Under the leadership of tail F. Kennedy, America was experiencing a portion of political, social, environmental and economic activities.Generally, by 1963, the frugality had shown signs of improvements and culturally people where having a more quality life. There were a fix of campaigns geared at fighting for total elimination of all forms of segregation something which often resulted into arrests of crusaders like Martin Luther King Junior. Back then acquire admission to University was very some(prenominal) determined by ones racial background. The year also saw the assassination of Jo hn F. Kennedy in November 22 and the swearing of Lyndon Johnson as the 36th President of the USA.It is worth noting that during this time, the outlandish was just recovering from an economic depression suffered as a result of the world wars. Americans were awakening on matters like imperialism, civil rights and gender relateity. payable to the ideological differences between the Soviet Union and the US a lot of government expenditure was directed towards military activity and covert missions something which cleverness have influenced the onset of the Vietnam War. Americans are today faced with great nutritionary problems, compared to 1963 the number of children who are obese and overweight is on the increase.This is not a 21st century problem it started in the 1960s although the popularity of fast intellectual nourishments has made it look like a 21st century problem. The most common foods back in 1963 included pizza, hamburger, chocolate, coffee for breakfast, and wines and s pirits Cavan, & Shonle1969, 79-99. The children attended schools according to their parents abilities although public schools were the choice of majority as they were affordable compared to private schools. In the 1960s Americans had shifted from eating traditional foods to eating of processed foods something which can be attributed to busy lives.There was an increase in obesity incidences in late 1960s, a problem which persists up to date. Of interest also is the fact that more Americans had started to use microwaves to cook, atleast not many used wood stoves. Since a significant portion of the population was still working in farms, fresh farm unwrap was in big supply and therefore most families included in their meals fresh vegetables, fresh meat, milk, poultry, eggs and butter. Soft drink intake also gained popularity as people became busier and fast food restaurants became very popular.Due to mechanization of farming, food prices went down as the country become self fitted in terms of food supply (Sanjur, 1995. 45-67). Also fruit and vegetable meals were common as more and more Americans began to appreciate health eating habits. determination The American family has evolved a lot since 1963 up to date. Change is evident in the way people dress, eat, and the way they view the external world. A lot of the above changes have been occasioned by technological advancement, globalization and the advent of internet.The parsimoniousness has also grown a lot and today more American families earn above average in terms of finances nitty-gritty that they can afford a quality life. gets cited Cavan, & Shonle, R. The American Family. newly York Thomas Y. Crowell Co. , 1969. 79-99 Sanjur, D. Hispanic Foodways, Nutrition, and Health. Boston . Allyn and Bacon. 1995. 45-67. Wilentz, S. Chants Democratic New York City and the swot up of the American Working Class. New York Oxford University Press. 1984. 436-440.American FamilyThe modern American family as depict by Joseph B. Verrengia is always in motion, child-dominated, strained and losing intimacy. It is actually the backup of the written report that deals with common problems facing distributively family. American family is illustrated by a twenty-four hour activities by individual family members totally depart from to each one other from the head of the family down to children going to school. Only babies are pampered until they match school age. In the article written by Joseph B.Verrengia, he described Jake Zeiss, a nine-year boy who after seven-hour of back-to-back meetings, would volley for an hour with his lawn tennis pro, then slid back into Mercedes to take nutritious bar and to do paper deeds using his laptop while traveling with other family members in the car. When tempted to play yo-yo, his mother would say, Is that a good use of your time? Yet, the family was mind to a gym where they would meet their father to play some sports.David Osborne in an article entitled The Cult of Fatherhood, he illustrated how he struggled as he took care of their kid since birth because his married woman had to stay in the infirmary as a gynecologist where she worked 100 hours a week. He is a nontraditional father as he called himself because that was not the usual set up in the family but they had to cope up with the challenges. David Osborne told that traditional mothers work harder than anyone else could imagine he referred to his own mother who had to rush with urgency in doing household chores twenty-four hours a day, three hundred sixty 5 days a year.These are just two of the many families that have sex complexity that affect their relationship and child rearing. Financially they are sufficient but in the advent of assuming roles and responsibilities, the future of the family is also affected. The puzzle-day(a) Family There are differences between the traditional family model and modern-day family and the simple reason for the abrupt change in the family set up was economic reason, since both mother and father have to work away from home leaving the kids unattended for some times and the whole family do not have quality time together.Everyone is rushing trying to get works done, especially mothers, which is according to David Osborne, divided responsibilities are the reason for the central loose conflict in the lives of the American women (p. 195). Also, in the advent of change, fathers have to assume different role, which touches the sensitive part of his masculinity. On the other hand, the Zeiss family is an example of a family that enjoys the benefit of a good life, with bigger home, a Mercedes car, children attending easy lay schools and extra time for playing sports in the evening.Despite togetherness they are time-bounded without proper scheduling, they may miss important events of the day as a family. Verrengia writes as he quoted one statement, Weve scheduled and outsourced a lot of our relationships there isnt much room for the flow of life, those little moments when things happen spontaneously (p. 6). The changes that occur in the lives of the American family especially in the middle-class working families present predicament that affect the country as a whole. And many of the dilemmas facing America right now could be associated with the family set up and relationship between each family member.The many incident reports of crimes and marriage break ups have something to do with family relationships that were left unresolved. Thus, if one would not be creative enough to gather up the family in one activity, most likely, the family would suffer for not having intimate time together. Contrast of Traditional and Modern-day Family These issues are by-products of the advent of modernization and industrialisation in America and that traditional family had their own way of coping up with the challenges and struggles of life without neglecting responsibility to one another.Traditional family and modern- day family are distinct with each other in different ways. First, they are different as they view home. Traditional family model existed during the pre-Civil war and pre-sexual revolution it was the time when family relied on floriculture as the source of income. Traditional family, which occurred during the pre-industrial America, the home would serve as a market, which was the main income source of the family. Usually, the home was not just a place for relaxation but a place where women could perform other income-generating activities like soap making, clothing production, etc.Whereas, the modern homes that existed during the era of industrial and urban development, is viewed as a private place for the family to enjoy one another and to find relaxation. The home became the ideal place for domesticity or the place centered on family activities. Second, they differ in terms of gender role. During pre-industrial revolution, husband and wife had equal rights with one another and at t he same time, perform equally for the overture of the family. Clarence Roberts Jr. stated that men worked at their various crafts (near the farm) or worked on the family farm (The Changing Family).Mothers worked in the house at the same time her responsibility was important to the health and survival of the family according to Clarence Roberts, Jr. There was no individual breadwinner and each had distinct role to perform the wife for the house and husband in the farm. In contrary, gender roles had also changed in the modern-day society. During the post-industrial revolution, men finally realized their roles as breadwinners so they left the responsibility of child rearing to the wife who was left alone. However change in gender role also change at the present day.To use the example of Osborne, one distinct change was the fact that mother and father had interchanged their roles from being a provider to housekeeper and vice-versa. Womens role in earning money for the family had been part of her responsibility since the pre-industrial era, but due to the disappearance and removal of home market, women had to look for a job outside the house, which is carried out until today. Third, family relationship had changed forever. Pre-industrial period family was seen as having a strong kinship.By tradition, American family during that period employ extended family relations wherein relatives are part of the family such as in-laws, first cousins, aunts, uncles, and grandparents. In an article entitled Redefining Family, it stated there that the traditional parents role gave way to affectionate bonds, while husband and wife were companionable. In effect, women were alert in spiritual direction in the family, which shows her value in the family. However, industrialisation and technology was the cause for the collapse of the tie that binds the family together.Fathers had to left home to work in far away lands women were left with the kids extended family was lost and, c hildren had to work also The case of two families mentioned in this paper, is a scenario of the modern day family that grasp for time to be spent for the family. As each family member strives to give quality time, there is still missing because each is a human being that needs affection and togetherness. If not sufficiently given, the family king suffer. Industrialization has the advantage in the family, yet, American family is tied up with the system. Work CitedDavid Osborne Beyond the Cult of Fatherhood (1985). Absorbing Stories, Creating Identities Redefining Family. Colonial Williamsburg. 2007. http//www. history. org/Almanack/life/family/essay. cfmtransform Roberts Jr. , Clarence. The Changing Family How Changes in the Family Reflects Social and Economic Changes in Society. Yale-New haven Teachers Institute. http//www. yale. edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1990/4/90. 04. 08. x. html Verrengia, Joseph. The Modern American Family Always in Motion, Child-Dominated, Strained and Los ing Intimacy. UCLA College Report. http//www. college. ucla. edu/celfarticle. pdf

Host Country Political and Legal Environment Affect of Airasia

COMPANY AIRASIA Content a. penet balancen b. Comp whatsoever bibliography c. Entry mode to foreign grocery (through exporting, joint venture, franchising, licensing, etc) d. How do the international mart / culture, management styles and business system affect the fraternity finishance? Do they ca-ca to adjust / alter their product or work to fit with the host country trade inescapably? How does the smart set face the competition? e. How does a host country political and international legal surround or trade barrier affect the Malayan companies in their international marketing activities?Bagaimana sebuah negara tuan rumah persekitaran politik dan antarabangsa undang-undang atau perdagangan halangan menjejaskan syarikat-syarikat Malaysia dalam aktiviti pemasaran antarabangsa mereka? Bagaimana sebuah negara persekitaran politik dan undang2 antarabangsa memberi kesan kepada syarikat Malaysia dalam aktiviti pemasaran antarabangsa mereka? f. SWOT analysis of the c exclusivelye r in term of their 4 Ps (product, value, promotion and place) g. Any separates additional instruction h. Conclusion i. References a,b,h part 1 c part 2 d part 3 e part 4(fathi) part 5 several(prenominal)(prenominal)ly person choose iodine to do it n leave a comment which part u all do yea tq peck 488 Strategy T01 Question 1 railway lineAsia, which is one of the earliest mortified embody carriers (LCC) in Asia, has become a LCC since 2001. So far, it has expanded its network from Malaysia to siamese connectionland to Singapore, Macau and in clock the Mainland China in 2006. In piteous, Air Asia jumped out from an intra-Malaysia and Thailand market to a real Air Asia in the continent. Thus, what argon the possible core grapplencies to undertake that there is quantum leap to victor?The internal analysis on the participation be clinical depression entrust answer the question. Resources, Capabilities & Core Competencies compendium a)Accounting Ratio Analysis In 2 004, Air Asias earnings margin before disport and taxes (16. 8), return on capital employed (14. 6) and return on uprightness (37. 7) accounting ratios were above the assiduity mediocre 14. 5 is the sedulousness average for earnings margin, 11. 6 for return on capital employed and 21. 2 for return on equity. This above average results indicates that the partnership has been managed whole nearly and so is able to achieve soaring above-average returns.The emergence in current ratio from 1. 24 (US$49. 206 million / US$39. 643 million)to 5. 60 (US$230. 024 million / US$41. 099 million) besides serves as a confident booster to investors and sh beholders in that Air Asias solvency had knowingnessened and thence is able to fulfill its debt obligations. In fact, the debt-to-asset ratio in the last 5 years was imprint and decreasing too. As a matter of fact, in 2005, it was merely 0. 14, which was comparatively abase than m each low appeal carriers. b) Finance Resources Air Asias net bread coating Jun 2005 was spread abroaded US$29. million, a 126% subjoin year-on-year. The end of June 2005 financial thickset showed that Air Asia, the leading low toll cinchline in Asia, had a huge reserve ( money box and cash balances) of US$86. 6million. This is the caller-ups strength as truly few low re deliver oxygeniselines of similar sizing defend such(prenominal) life-size reserves. With such huge reserves and low debt-to-asset ratio, Air Asia is thereof capable of generating internal funds to finance any expansion. It is sure enough Air Asias strength. c)Organization Design and Organizational ResourcesAir Asias system of rulesal structure is quite a simple and flat as it involves a convocation of round in the corporation reporting to one manager. This serves Air Asia swell up as thebusiness requires a structure with fewer levels of management so as to achieve to a greater extent(prenominal) consistency and follow decrease. In addition , the exist leading schema that the gild travel alonged similarly allows Air Asia to nidus more than intensely on areas such as in/out-bound logistics, motions, marketing, run and customers. This in turn dos to create synergy and cap dexterity to deliver the sufficient spectrum of low be carrier business. ) Physical Resources Despite having a titanic fleet of Boeing 737 aircraft for operation, Air Asia becalm continues to invest to a great extent. This includes the acquisition of more arouse-efficient aircraft (A320) so that the company underside have sufficient capacity to meet the increment ask and demands of their customers as well as to continue to keep its woo low. The raw(a) aircraft peck disappoint fuel usage by just intimately 12%, an measurable apostrophize saving, as fuel accounted for more or less 50% of the total operating(a) bes for the company everywhere a plosive of achievemention. ) Technological Resources Air Asia was the first air hose in Southeast Asia to practice e-ticketing so that traditional travel agents can be bypassed. This implementation saves the price of issuingphysical tickets and eliminates the need for gigantic and costly booking and engagement systems. To get ahead exploit technologies, AirAsia made it possible for customers topurchase tickets either from send off offices or designated bank teller (ATM) machines.In unretentive, Air Asias strength is in addition more or less the ability to leverage on technologies well and ahead of its contenders to attach gross sales and lower costs. Human Resources Management Although the employees were non unionized and the salaries offered by the company were below those of its rivals, AirAsia is still able to keep its work force motivate by providing a pay policy that is combative and entrancing. Forinstance, all employees are offered a wide range of incentives that includes productivity and performance-based bonuses, offer of shares or s hort letter pickings.To offer up furtheraircrew and cabin incentives, AirAsia besides adopted a sector pay policy that gives extra incentives and so this resulted in the company needing fewer crews per flight (106 peraircraft) as compared to early(a) cheap airlines (110 per aircraft). All these efforts not scarce if helped to improve productivity, it too further strengthened employer-employee family relationships. In summary, homosexual resource management, particularly the ability to motivate and improve productivity of the staff is surely Air Asias strength. g) Innovation Resources and Product DevelopmentSo far, AirAsia has managed to design its aircraft cabins that can minimize wearand tear, alter m and cost. This innovative work allows for faster turn al roughlysbetween flights and helps increase r even soues. In addition, AirAsia is withal able to leverage on innovative ideas to derive real(a) ancillary revenues from additional work. Forinstance, the companies also have their own branded credence card and offers corporate travel services. Consequently, it also develops aircraft advertising by converting its planes into debauched billboards.The ability to innovate and come up with unique macrocosms to lowercosts and increase revenues shows that AirAsia possesses substantial prize innovation resources that are valuable. h) Reputational Resources Air Asias success has been widely recognized. For instance, in 2003, it was named the develop airline business of the grade (by Air finance Journal) and the Asia pacific Airline of the Year (by Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation, CAPA). In 2004 and 2005, the company also won several prestigious a fightds. Similarly, the companys CEO, Tony Fernandez has also won several recognitions.Most notably, the multinational Herald Tribune listed Mr. Tony Fernandez in its Visionaries and Leadership series in 2003. Hewas consequently named the Asia Pacific Aviation Executive of the Year in 2004 and2005 ( by CAPA) and is one of the 25 stars of Asia (by rail line week). With just 3 years into operations, AirAsia managed to be listed publicly inNovember 2004 with shop at from bankers and venture capitalists. AirAsia was subsequently named as one of the Best Newly Listed Companies and Asias Best Managed Company in the Airlines and Aviation Sector by Euro coin after its IPO.Given the positive perceptions of Air Asias reputation, the brand name is certainly the companys strengths. i)Risk Management In general, the types of jeopardys AirAsia faces include (1) pure pretend (2) price risk and (3) credit risk. AirAsia purchased insurance policies to excuse pure risk although it is done and operated a bit differently as it adopts an integrated move up risk management that goes beyond the traditional parameters of what is insurable. For instance, when AirAsia purchases insurance any policies to plug a plusst pure risk, it also distinguishs a conscious effort to acquire them at a untol d lower rate lower than new(prenominal) LCCs.In addition, to mitigate price risk, AirAsia hedged fuel prices at US$42 a drum for the first half of2005, which was substantially lower than the price per barrel of US$70 in the late 2005. AirAsia has little exposure to credit risk as it does not lend money to any outside parties. Better still, customers who wish to purchase their air tickets need to make allowance almost immediately upon booking. Hence, this eliminates credit risk totally. So far, Air Asias holistic approach to risk management effectively is viewed favorably by its stakeholders most of the magazine, specially the shareholders. ) Logistics This involves all areas of receiving, storing of inputs when producing outputs. So far, AirAsia only operates on a unmarried type of aircraft, the Boeing 737-300. Based on a Report promulgated by Aero Connections in 2004, that particular model was the best selling commercial message jet of all times due to its efficiency and co st effectiveness. AirAsia also has1382 employees and they received proper on-the-job training workshops so that they canperform sextuple roles effectively within a simple and flat organization structure. ) Operations It processes inputs to bid valuable products/services. AirAsia has ever so been stringent most standards and procedures. AirAsia is sensible that principal(prenominal)taining its passenger safeguard is of paramount importance as indicated in the surveys in the United States and Japan. Based on the companys 2003 annual report, AirAsia had conjugated ventures with GE Engine Services for a business alliance that allows the latter(prenominal) to be in charge ofmaintaining all Air Asias aircraft engines in the next five years.AirAsia had also managed to achieve close operating benchmarks in terms of flights on time and baggage intervention where in 2004, the company registered 88% and 99. 9% respectively. c) Outbound Logistics This involves delivering products/serv ices into a distribution groove or to the final destination. As of late 2005, AirAsia operated 32 Boeing 737 aircraft that run over60 routes across Southeast Asian regional network. Not only that, its aircraft interiors is also outfitted with signature red carpeting and plush lather lays to enable its guests to travel comfortably.In addition, it was also reported in enceinte journals and magazines such as ABJ and AWM that numerous customers felt that Air Asias cabin crew demonstratedprofessionalism when carrying out their duties on air. d)Marketing and Sales It involves all activities that communicate customers about their products/services including those that induce and facilitate customers in making purchases. So far, AirAsia has promoted its company without incurring high sales and marketing expenses. Forinstance, its CEO Tony Fernandez always wears a red AirAsia baseball cap in any of his interviews.His well thought out statements often reinforce Air Asias situation as a small entrant firm battling against giant pains incumbents that also offer low prices. As such, when required, it also invested heavily and so far, its major sponsorships includedbeing the Official Low Fare Airline for football giant Manchester United. This deal involved global sponsorship and advertising. e)Service AirAsia is one of the few airlines that had the shortest turnaround time, around 25 proceedings as opposed to 45 to 120 minutes recorded by new(prenominal) airlines. Hence, this allows AirAsia to benefit from conducting more flights a day.Besides that, AirAsia emphasizes sell on maintaining a high quality service to all its passengers such as punctuality rate and excellent baggage-handling performance t o determine whether AirAsia has any core competencies (sustainable competitive advantages), the companys capabilities are assessed based on the four criteria valuable, rare, difficult to imitate and non-substitu accede. The evaluation results so far revealed that t wo core competencies below(1) The possession of tacit knowledge to skeletal system a business by leveraging on saucily technologies (internet). 2) The religious zeal to cost-avoidance coupled with tacit knowledge to build exceedingly efficient processes to enable it to execute its business model (low cost). Success Factors of AirAsia As AirAsia continues to compete with otherwise LCC (both subsisting and new) in Asia which also may adopt low-cost strategy, what have to remember and realize that the way customers differentiate them from their competitors will be strictly on fare and reputation. As the saying goes, the lower the price, the high the file factor. As such, Air Asias success is based on the following detect factors )Cost Effectiveness AirAsia puts very pixilated emphasis on lowering all avoidable costs so that it can continue to pop the question low fares and yet remain utile. This promoter the company has to cut the cost of flight operation by flying to and from airports that offer cheaper take-offand landing fees. Besides that, passengers also were not provided with meals and entertainment as well as amenities such as pillows and blankets. AirAsia has also intentional its aircraft cabins that minimize wear and tear as well as cleaning time so that cost associated to these areas can be lowered.The better de sign cabins also resulted in lower loading and unloading costs as things got done faster which in turn leads to better turn around time. Last but not least, to ensure cost effectiveness, AirAsia reconfigured the seating configurations of its Boeing 737 aircraft to increase seats from 132 to 148 and has thus far operated with only a single-class service. b) Efficiency and productiveness By using a ticket- slight online booking system, staff that are correctly trained toperform multiple roles as well as aircraft cabins that take cleaning ime, AirAsia greatly enhances it operations efficiency and productivity, which is a very essen tial ofthe cost leadership strategy. However, it should be noted that the cost leadership strategy works on the final costs, not necessarily the lowest price in the market. As the lowest cost operator, AirAsia is able to continue to blend in a price war as its low-cost positions a valuable defense against any rivals. c) Reliability AirAsia also chose more systematically subsidiary and regional airport destinations instead of busy and congested main airports.Generally, less busy airports can be abideed to provide higher rates of on-time departures. Besides, without the need to load and unload any cargoes, the turnaround time of an aircraft can be reduced greatly AirAsia clocked the regions immediate turnaround time at only 25 minutes. As a result, travelers can expert and look forward to more frequent and puncture flights. D) Higher absolute oftenness of Service Predominantly, AirAsia offers point-to-point flights on short-haul routes less than 4 hours flight time. The comp any is also able to achieve higher plane utilization due to short turnaround time and as mentioned point-to-point routes.The ability to provide higher frequency service to justify the smaller capacity of a LCC is another key to Air Asias success. In some instances, such high frequency of services can also attractbusiness travelers since most of the time they are able to save time and catch theirconnecting flights on time All the success factors mentioned above develop Air Asias success. However, it should also be noted that Air Asias zealous approach in preaching cost avoidance in every aspect of judicial system and operations is the key in sustaining a low-cost culture since its operation in2001.AirAsia also has been particularly effective at implementing the various measures and thus it continues to extend and prosper till today. Question 2 The construct of cost leadership strategy emphasizes on lowest costs, though not necessarily the lowest price, in the market. A firm pursuin g a cost-leadership strategy needs to gain a competitive advantage primarily by bring down its economic costs below its competitors. To achieve this, the strategic actions must thus reduce costs and improve productivity. With this in mind, let us contend how the following strategic actions adopted by AirAsia support its cost leadership strategy.A) Low Fare, No Frills Air Asias intense focus on providing air travel with no frills leads to substantial costs saving. The absence of in-flight services reduced pre-flight preparations such as the loading of food and drinks, cleaning time and the cost of meals and administration. Investment in kitchens and equipment for storing, heating and serving of meals can be avoided all together. B) Investment in Latest Technologies Efficient Operations AirAsia has heavily invested in purchasing the most modern aircraft A-320s.The new aircraft allow AirAsia to revere substantial lower fuel cost as these modern airplanes had lower fuel usage by as much as 12%. Fuel accounted for almost 50% of the total operating costs and thus it is an important component of cost saving for AirAsia. By operating a single aircraft type allows AirAsia to achieve efficiency in executing its prime and alternate activities. Consequently, this leads to higherproductivity which in turn allows the company the option to expand their operations with the very(prenominal) number of employees and right size its men requirement. Improvedproductivity factor more revenue for AirAsia.The extreme call for to achieve high efficiency in operations allows AirAsia to clock the fastest turnaround time of 25 minutes. This invariably leads to comparativelybetter productivity as the company was able to utilize its aircraft for an average of 13hours per day as opposed to 10. 5 hours by other airlines. Again, improved productivity means more revenue for AirAsia. c)Low Fixed Costs Air Asias ability to acquire low rates for long-term maintenance peg downs and aircr aft leases led to substantial cost savings. It was reported that Air Asias average contractual lease charge per aircraft fall downd by more han 60% from 2001 to 2004. Similarly, its aircraft maintenance contract costs were also reported to be substantially lower than any other airlines. In view of the airlines high safety and maintenance standards, AirAsia was also able to procure favorable rates on its insurance policies. All these help lower fixed costs. d)Lean Distribution trunk The use of e-ticketing helps to save the cost of issuing hardcopy tickets, which were estimated at US$10 per ticket. The company also saved on agents commissions and avoided the need for bad and expensive booking and reservation systems. This too helps lower the overall costs. ) Minimize force Expenses AirAsia implemented flexible work rules and streamlined administrative functions which allowed employees to perform multiple roles. This human resource policy facilitated AirAsia in lowering its person nel costs. In 2004, it was reported that AirAsia had the lowest staff-to-per aircraft ratio (106 staff per aircraft as compared to 110employees per aircraft registered by other low cost carriers) and this helps lower staffcost. f)Use of Secondary Airports Typically, AirAsia operates out of secondary airports, which involve lowerlanding, parking and ground handling fees.These airports were also less busy and had shorter runways, thus helped reduce fuel consumption while aircraft adjust for takeoff ortaxi on the ground. As many secondary airports were older, they were often close to urban areas and were thus more attractive to some travelers. In short, the use ofsecondary airports can increase sales and help to keep operating costs low The ability to lower cost and at the same time widen service margin (through increaseproductivity) augurs well with AirAsias cost leadership strategy.This provides AirAsia the options to either lower its prices and gain market share and sales from riv als or keep its prices atpresent market level and make more profit for every whole sold. This inevitably helps AirAsia in its defense against aggressive competitions especially when it comes to price war from fuddled rivals Question 3 The PESTL Analysis and the Porter Model provide an overall analysis of the operating environment that AirAsia competes in. Also, the analysis of low cost carriers (LCC) industry reveals that it is so concentrated that intense competition is inevitable.However, amidst the challenges faced, there are still plenty of opportunities for AirAsia to explore and exploit. PESTL Analysis Macro Environment a)Economics Asias speedy economic evoketh and sprouting middle class continues to fuel the outgrowth of air travel in Asia. This growth in air travel was also due to the region having geographically dispersed countries with large population, a rapid increase in trade and tourism as well as the respective government investments in their airports, airlines a nd travel infrastructure.Although rapid growth and increased trade and businesses may intensify competition (entrance of other LCCs) and even lead to full-service airlines start cut costs to complete, it can present opportunities for airlines to enlarge their markets. Oflate, projections by economists had placed Asia at the top of global economic system growth charts in the coming years. b)Political/ Legal Government policies are important drives for the success of Asia. In the late1990s, there was increase privatization and deregulation of the airline industry in Asia.It was noticeable that some Asian countries established open-skies agreements while others allowed the intromission of private airlines. For instance, in 1997, a few LLC spouted quickly after Malaysia signed an open-skies agreement with the United States. Hence, it appears that although the travel market will be expanded, in reality AirAsia would also have to operate in a more challenging environment with intense co mpetitions. As of 2006, governments intervention and regulation remained substantial.Forinstance, although Thai AirAsia managed to launch its services between Singapore and Thailand in 2004 prosperedly, the company still could not expand beyond the Singapore-Thailand routes because it could not acquire landing rights elsewhere. c)Social-Cultural Surveys revealed that more people were willing to compromise on food and otherservices in exchange for lower prices. In fact, it was stated that price of tickets was the single most important consideration that influenced passengers decisions and of course this included without having to compromise on safety and punctuality.In addition, increasingly over the years cost conscious leisure time and business passengers were also looking to make their budgets decrease further. This presents an opportunity for all LCCs to increase their revenues by offering travelling at a much lower fare. d) Demographic In 2005, the total population in Asia st ands at more than 3. 5 billion. The UnitedNations statistics also show that Asia has an astonishing demographic dividend where more than 35% of its population is below the age of 25 and more than 55% hovers below the age of 35.This indirectly means that the increasing large population of the middle age group equates to a larger work age population with more fluid income and thus the likelihood of more business and leisure travels is almost confirmed. This thus presents another golden opportunity for AirAsia. e)Technological New services such as Internet Telephony and the increase in the use oftelecommunications services (such as buying air tickets online) provide AirAsia with the opportunity to leverage on new technologies to increase their sales.In addition, e-commence and internet-based activities (such as online pass and hotel reservations)are other areas where AirAsia can derived ancillary revenues from. Better still, in some instances, technology advancements also means ha ving opportunities to reduce operation costs such as savings on commissions for travel agents AirAsia was the first to do so However, amidst these benefits and cost saving, AirAsia must be mindful that system disruption due to heavily reliance on online sales can pose serious terror to the company. Analysis of the Industry In 2004, the airline industry flew 1. billion passengers, of which about 30% were in Asia. Airline traffic in Asia is projected to grow at 7. 1% annually for the next 5 years and more than triple in the next 20 years. Given Air Asias strong presence in the region, this presents vast opportunities to enlarge the companys market shares. The Airline businesses are closely linked to economic activities in Asia and the world. As such, AirAsia needs to be cognizant with the business cycle so that it can to take full advantage of such effects especially when there are changes in discretionary income and consumerspending patterns.AirAsia also needs to be mindful that in crease in demand of fuel and exceptional supply can lead to higher fuel price that decrease yield. Last but not least, the impact of crisis such as 9/11 (2001) and SARS outbreak (2003) was able to hit the airline industry badly and as such they continue to pose serious flagellum to airlines. Analysis of Competitive Forces Porters Five Forces Analysis a)Threat of interchange Products The possibility threat of substitutes is moderately low since there are several other substitutes such as cruises, rails, buses and cars.However, the archipelago geographical structure of Asia made air travel the most viable, efficient and convenient mode of transportation which is a surplus for AirAsia b) Power of Buyers The power of buyer is high due to almost no switching cost for customers to switch from one LCC to another. In addition, the adit to the internet also allows customers to have all the information on prices supercharged by the different LCCs. c)Power of Suppliers The supplier has a n upper hand (high power) due to hold number of suppliers(only Boeing and Airbus). d)Threat of New EntrantsThreat of new entrants is moderately low as the immersion into the industry requires high capital. Moreover, the industry is also highly regulated since every potential entrant is required to obtain approval from the civil melody authority of the particular countrybefore the company is allowed to be operated. e)Intensity of rivalry Industry rivalry is moderately high due to competition and high exit cost. Nonetheless, market participants understand and realize that price war is devastating forthem and thus they tend to avoid direct price competition to make themselves friendly competitors.Stakeholder Management Air Asias stakeholders can be split into capital market stakeholders (shareholders and major suppliers of capital e. g. banks and venture capitalists), product market stakeholders(primary customers, suppliers and host communities) and organizational stakeholders (e mployers and managers). Air Asias stellar performance since its proof in 2001 has brought value to its shareholders since they were receiving positive returns from the day of the companys pedigree to recent time 2005.Between 2001 and 2004, AirAsia enjoyed a compound average growth of45% for sales and 407% for net income as well as cash diminish positive from the time it began its operations. All these inevitably increase the value of investments significantly. This in all probability explains why AirAsia has always enjoyed strong support from banks and venture capitalists when the CEO took the company public in November 2004. AirAsia satisfies its customers by offering low fares without having to compromise to quality and service. This helps to attract new customers as well as retain existing ones.In orderto ensure that all specific needs are met, the companys key staffs travel regularly to mingle with the host communities so that they understand them better. This has facilitate d Air Asias aggressive expansion and resounding success in the regional markets which include Thailand and Indonesian over a short span of time. For instance, Air Asias joint venture with Shin gage to launch its new LLC achieved immediate success. In just 3 age of operations, it sold more than 20,000 seats on domestic routes.This speaks well of Air Asias ability to meet (oreven exceed) the expectations of its customers. Besides that, AirAsia also strives to build strong relationship with its suppliers. Forinstance, although the company operates 737 aircraft that were built by Boeing, it also acquired the new A320 aircraft from Airbus. In this way the company establishes hot relationship with the two and only civil airliner suppliers and hopefully through these good mutual dealings, thepower of these suppliers can be further reduced.The company also strives to maintain good relationship with other suppliers that provide aircraft maintenance and airport services. Thisprobably also explain why AirAsia is able to get lower rates from them. As a staff of the AirAsia team, he/she gets to enjoy highly competitive and attractive remuneration packages. These include productivity and performance-based bonuses, shares and stock options. In summary, with the capability and flexibility provided by above-average returns, AirAsia is able to satisfy multiple stakeholders more easily Marketing node SegmentationAlthough AirAsia invests aggressively in marketing where required, it generally adopts creativity and yet low-cost advertising so as to keep cost low. For instance, to keep cost low, AirAsia commonly advertises and promotes through the host country newspapers as well as internet website as they are generally cheap. Like all other LCCs, AirAsia also positions itself as an airline that provides short-route ferry for non-business and price-conscious businesspassengers as shown in Diagram 2 . This means that competition is intense and increasing as newplayers join in C ompetitors AnalysisBased on a report about major Asian budget airlines that Airline Business produced, onlytwo LCCs, capital of Thailand Airways and social lion Air, share almost similar markets as AirAsia in terms ofmarket commonality. Their tangible and intangible resources are also same to that ofAirAsia. With that, based on the competitor analysis framework appended in Diagram 3 , Bangkok Airways and Lion Air fall in quadrant I and thus are considered as close competitors of AirAsia. Technically, any firm or competitors in quadrant I will use their similar resourceportfolios to compete against each other.This lead to the conclusion that Bangkok Airways and Lion Air imitate in quadrant I are direct competitors of AirAsia. In contrast, the other airlines such as Value Air and Tiger Airways modeled in quadrant IV share few markets although they all possess comparable resources. As such, these airlines do not directly pose as strong rivalry to AirAsia at this point in time. As of now, AirAsia will have to compete with Bangkok Airways and Lion Air which have entered the market since 2000/2001.As they also adopt the low-cost strategy, the only way customers can differentiate them from their competitors would be on the airfare charges. In orderto maintain or increase the load factor, any of these companies may consider lowering fare prices to achieve their objectives. However, if this happens, the profit margin of the remaining players will be compressed and the weak one may be drove out of the market (also known as the vicious cycle). In Malaysia, Air Asias main airline competitor is Malaysia Airlines (MAS) which offers a full range of services.Although MAS had an ambivalent reaction to Air Asias entry into the airline industry, it also reacted to the competition by offering fares at 50% discounts on some its domestic routes. Although the attack was not successful (MAS eventually lost about 30% of its market share), it proves that any airlines that provide fu ll services can be a threat to AirAsia. locomote forward, it is expected that acquisition and merger will happen in the market until equilibrium is reached. When this takes place, only a few strong players with sound cost-controlling and profitable business model will exist and succeed.In other words, AirAsia can expect to face stiff competition in time to come even though market participants understand thatprice war is destructive and thus will try to avoid any direct price competition. A short summary on the possible opportunities and threats are appended in the tablebelow. From the analysis of AirAsia, it can be deduced that the operating environment immoderately competitive and filled with minimum uncertainties which means that the company has to prepare themselves well during good times.However, amidst the challenges, there are still many opportunities for AirAsia to explore and exploit so that it continues to lead and be the mostprofitable LCC in Asia. Amik kt dekstop-airasi a Question 4 AirAsia has been soaring success. Starting with two planes bought from a Malaysian conglomerate in late 2001, the company had expanded it to 32 by the end of 2005. During the same year, the aggressive expansion also resulted in an extensive Southeast Asian regional network of 60 routes. For sure, the large, untapped market and Air Asias model would ensure its future success. a)Conducive Environment for GrowthThe major macro environment factors suggest a very conducive environment forthe growth of low cost carriers (LCC) in Asia. According to TWA (Dec 2003), it mentioned that in Asia the demographic fundamentals of large populations that include rising middle classes with increasing leisure time and disposable incomes as well as the lack of competitive forms of transportation, paint an super encouraging demandpicture in the long run . Furthermore, a study by the Centre for AP (2002) confirmed that Asia would continue to offer attractive conditions for the air transporta tion industry.It estimated that Asia would account for 30% of the world market by 2020 or one third ofgrowth between now and then. The archipelago geographical structure of Asia continent is also an important contributing factor to the growth of air transportation. For example, between East and West Malaysia, there is no other viable and efficient mode of transportation other than to commute by air. As a matter of fact, in mid-2005, eight budget airlines were operating in Southeast Asia and there were predictions that there would be as many as 20 such airlinesby 2012.Although terrorism and SARS do impact on air travel, the long run forecast is very positive. b)Strong Finance Resource The company has been profitable from the start. It has a huge bank and cashbalances of US$86. 7 million, with no loans and borrowings as of 30 June 2005. Its profit margins of 38% (before interests, taxes, depreciation and amortization) were among the highest in the world for LCC. According to a report by CSS (2005), it was deduced that AirAsia would continue to be profitable in 2006.This probably explained why in 2004,bankers and venture capitalists had provided funds to help the company got listed despite the airline industry was being badly affected by SARS. In short, a strong finance resource is vital for growth and to wrestle any economic crisis. This in turn sustains success. c)Obsession with Low Cost Culture In some respects, the most important requirement to sustain success in the LCC industry is to possess a genuine low-cost culture. Unlike other LCC, AirAsia preached cost avoidance with religious zeal. For example, even though a luggage tag costs less than US$0. 5, AirAsia does not provide them. In addition, it also emphasizes cost deduction so intensely that in-flight ovens must not be overheated and that cabin lights switched off at appropriate times. To further lower cost, the company was the first to implement taking reservations via the internet rather than through travel agents. It operates only one type of aircraft to save on overheads and operating cost. AirAsia crews are also required to help clean the aircraft so as to shorten turnaround times to achieve higher aircraft utilization.At 29 U. S. cents operating cost per available seat-kilometer, Air Asias operating cost is the lowest in the industry. With such as an obsession withcosts, AirAsia is certainly self-collected to sustain its success. d)Effective in Implementing Cost Reduction Measures Even though most low cost carrier had implemented the various cost reduction measures, it was AirAsia that had implemented them most effectively. As a result, AirAsia achieved cost per average seat kilometre of 2. 13 U. S. cents, the lowest for any airline in the world.This in turn allowed the company to achieve profit margins of 38%(before interests, taxes, depreciation and amortization) which were among the highest in the world for LLC. In addition, the company was also able to achieve good ope ratingbenchmarks in terms of flights on time (88%) and baggage handling efficiency (99. 9%). This in turn resulted in further cost reduction as the company paid much lower charges and compensations as compared to other airlines. The ability to ensure that the central objective of achieving bigger cost advantages than the companys rivals (by continuously

The Rainforest and their Importance

As part of my geography coursework, I write a piece on the rainforest, its ecosystems and its relevance to the world as a whole. I result produce a piece which is in discrepancyative and helps to bring come out the rainforest and I will demonstrate my knowledge and envisioning of its workings, and ample implications for the wider world. We are all familiar with the rainforests, moreover do we really understand them or have any real knowledge of them? These questions I will seek to answer in this piece of work.Rainforest form an integral part of the earths biosphere, covering around 2% of the earths surface and being pitch in every continent except Antarctica. A rainforest is a forest characterized by its extremely heavy rainfall (which is usually a mammoth 1750 to 2000mm each year ). These rainforests form two common subtypes the restrained and the tropical rainforests. Over a fifth of the worlds water can be found within the boundaries of the rainforest, and similarly, so can a large hunk of the worlds wildlife. The rainforest is estimated as being home to around 50% of the worlds plants and animals.If you were to become a sample of a 4 mile patch in the rainforest, then you would probably find around 1,500 flowering plants, 150 species of butterflies, cd species of birds, and of course 750 species of trees- which just goes to high spark how expansive the forests flora and fauna is. just about people will comm lone(prenominal) associate the rainforest with its vast teemingness of trees, and indeed, this is true. As with all forests, the rainforests trees are the very instal of its ecosystems, and form a structure of layers based on height and shared characteristics.At the base of the rainforest is the forest nucleotide, this is a dark and damp area- receiving only 2% of the forests sunlight, and a large amount of collected water. It is dark, warm and humid and it is severe for common plants and animals to survive in so it is only really a hab itat to specially adapted organisms. Just above the forest floor comes the shrub layer, it is very dark- covered by the canopy, but can return a habitat to specially adapted plants which are usually small, but with large leaves so that they can catch as much of the tokenish light which shines through as possible.Above this is comes the understorey. It is a lot darker than the layers above, but has a larger amount of sunlight than the layers beneath (though it still only claims a mediocre 5% of the forests sunlight). It hosts quite a large rate of lizards, snakes, wild cats and birds who have adapted to its environment, and there are plenty of bird louses to be found there, too. Also, many of the infant trees on the understorey layer may educate to reach the canopy. Above this again, is the canopy layer.This layer has by far the greatest biodiversity, and hosts the largest amount of trees, plants, animals and other wildlife (it is estimated as housing a quarter of the worlds ins ect population ). The trees are very tall here usually ranging from 30 meters to 24 meters in height, but some can grow change surface taller and reach into the emergent layer. And the emergent layers are the tallest trees which surpass the canopy and form a new layer. These trees can often reach up to 70 m in heightThis air is usually very glad and hot, as there are no other layers to keep out the heat and light. Animals must be specially adapted to this very high, light and hot layer and animals such as monkeys, birds and butterflies are usually trounce suited to it. Its no surprise that the rainforests plants have many forgiving uses too. effortless things which we consume come from the rainforests. Some of these include coffee, cocoa, hardwoods, rubber and latex.No interrogation the rainforest is a huge source of income for Brazil and contributes a square amount to its Gross National Product. The plants of the rainforest also have great scientific and medicinal qualities. Indigenous peoples of the rainforest have utilized the wellness properties of the plants for thousands of years, and modern western medicine often originates in the rainforest. It is estimated that around 2,000 varied plant species have anti-cancer properties, and indeed many of them are being utilise in anti-cancer treatment today.Less than 1% of rainforest plants have been tried and true for medicinal applications though- so who knows what answers the rainforest may hold for future medicine. It is undoable to overestimate the importance of the rainforest to both the whole worlds geography and human society, and difficult to imagine just how different our lives would be without products derived from the rainforest. And in conclusion, I cant think of anything more vital to the earths ecosystem than the rainforest.

Economic Icon: Chris Biehler

Economics is the social science that contracts with the allocation of scarce resources, working to obtain the greatest satisfaction from societys unlimited wants. Many factors that deal with stintings is the concepts of demand and supply. While most volume may not really realize how stinting takes place in their e realday life, du ration it is very obvious that it does. My vocation of working at a McDonalds is very much colligate to what I have learns in our economic course. The uprightness of Demand states that the quantity of demanded of a expensey or service is inversely related to the price of a well-grounded or service.To have a demand for something you must be willing and able to purchase the goodness or service at the various prices during that time period. This is related to my job in many ways. There be five factors that make up the non-price determinants of demand, In hang, tastes and preference, the price of related goods, expectations and population. So with the concept of demand if a soulfulness wants McDonalds indeed they must be willing and able to pay for the forage and services. The first nonprice determinant being income. If a persons income changes they may not come to McDonalds as much any more because they can now afford nicer good or services.Making a McDonalds an inferior good. An Inferior good is when in that location is an inverse relationship between income and demand. other manakin may be now that your income has join ond masses may come to McDonalds more and deal a larger quantity of food, making it a normal good. other determinant would be tastes and preferences, if people get in the mind clothe and McDonalds may cause obesity may sum up, the demand for McDonalds may decrease while the demand for a healthier product may increase. Another example is price of related goods. The two types of related goods are substitutes and compliments.For example if price was to increase at McDonalds then people may go to Bu rger King to satisfy their fast food needs. Compliments would be if the price of burgers increase then the demand for fries may decrease because everyone knows that you do not go to McDonalds and not order french fries. Resulting in the ration customer going to buy other things. Another example is expectations, if people expect a pay bonus then, they may go away and buy things. A final determinant is population, the quantity demanded will increase if there are more people in society that are willing and able to buy McDonalds.Not only is demand related to my life but supply is as well. Supply is the willingness and ability of producers to betray a good or service at various prices during that given over time period. The law of supply is the quantity demanded of a certain good or service is positively related to its price. One determinant is applicable resources. Another determinant is a change in technology. If McDonalds had advanced automobile that would bullshit meat faster t han food would be able to cook much fast and service would be quicker making more customers come to our store. Another example is change is the use of product.If the price of milkshakes increase, people may want to buy more ice cream resulting in our McDonalds being able to use the mix toward sundaes and cones. Another determinant would be change in expectations. Due to the summer months coming up McDonalds may increase or prepare to order more cases of the strawberry lemonade. A change in a number of producers is another determinant. Meaning that as supply increase or decrease their may be an increase or decrease in producers. Taxes and subsidies are more determinants alone with the bear. If the weather is poor and the McDonalds floods the supply will decrease.Another Thing that I arise to relate to my life from what I have learned in our economic class is price floor. A price floor is a nominal is the legal minimum price below which a good or service may not be sold. For exampl e minimum wage. As the prices in our economy increase, if there wasnt a price floor then McDonalds may want to offer lower wages, making it harder for a person to live. During our micro economics class there have been many aspects that I can relate to my life. This class is allowing my to expand my horizons and further understand economic concepts and how they apply to my life and the peoples lives around me.

Annotated Bibliography on William Shakespeares “Hamlet” Essay

Other artists represent the dramatic structures, terms, images and characters from William Shakespeares Hamlet by portraying the exact sense of the assemble. They act out a good representation of the spiritual roll in the hay in visual terms. The students vision studies and its importance in writings on aesthetics and representation. Adams, Joseph Quincy, Arrival in London. A Life of William Shakespeare. S. I Houghton, 1923 126-128. in that location were three classes of persons at the goldbrickhouse besides musicians. There were sharers, hirelings, and servants. The sharers were the close grave agents.According to their merits, they enjoyed either half-sharers or whole-sharers as indicated by Hamlet. Below the sharers in rank were the hirelings who did not profit by large ta barons of the theatre. The trine and final class, the servants, was the prompters, stagehands, property keepers, and caretakers. Chute, Marchette, Hamlet. Stories from Shakespeare. Cleveland World, 1 956 157-160 Hamlet is perhaps one of the most noteworthy of only of William Shakespeares tragedies. It is known alone over the world and has kept a compelling fascination wherever it goes.The hero is so palpable and his dilemma is very basic to human living that people in every country recognize him. Hamlet is not only the most brilliant of the tragedies simply one of the saddest. It is the saddest tragedy because the hero is not destruct or killed by any evil in his nature but by kind misplaced good. Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, Lectures and Notes on Shakespeare and other English Poets. Online. Internet. unattached http//shakespearean. org. uk/haml-col. htm. (6 February 2004) Hamlets character is the prevalence of the abstracting and generalizing habit over the practical.He does not want courage, skill, will, or opportunity but every hazard sets him thinking and it is curious, and at the same time strictly natural, that Hamlet, who all the depend seems reason itself, shoul d be impelled, at last, by mere accident, to effect his object. Lamb, Gregory M. A sweet, gentle, inspired Hamlet. Christian Science Monitor 20 April 2001. (6 February 2004). T. S. Eliot called Hamlet the Mona Lisa of literature. No matter how hard we look at the play, it never yields all its secrets. We have become fascinated by it.This being Shakespeare, a rive good story unfolds, of course, from the moment a creepy ghost walks the castles parapet on through murders, suicide, and enough plot round and complex relationships for any soap-opera fan. This is all topped with a dramatic trade name fight. Hamlet is no Bruce Willis tale of an action hero on a payback mission. Shakespeare Britannica, 1989 During Shakespeares early career dramatists sold their play to an actor company, who then takes charge of them, prepared working prompt books, and did whatever it takes to shake up sure other companies did not take their work.This way they could exploit the play itself for as long as it drew an audience. Some plays did get promulgated into smaller books called quartos. Hamlet quartos are a good example of plays that were pirated or bad text. Shakespeare, William The World Book Encyclopedia, 1979 Shakespeare wrote his greatest tragedies during the third period (1601-1608) of his tasteful development. Of all the tragedy plays, Hamlet has to be the most dramatic and saddest of all the plays. The role of Hamlet in particular is considered one of the theaters greatest acting challenges.Shakespeare focused the play on the deep participation within the thoughtful and idealistic Hamlet as he is tear between the demands of his emotions and the hesitant skepticism of his mind. Thorndike, Ashley Horace. Shakespeares Theater. New York The MacMillian Company, 1916246-251. Records of court exertion are abundant and descriptions of performances of traveling actors before noble or king may be found in Hamlet. The traditions and standards of acting accumulated by a genera tion of practice before an increasing audience. This made the play more exciting to watch every time it was portrayed.